Tidal Energy Systems: Design, Optimization and Control

Front Matter
Copyright
About the Authors
Introduction to Energy Sources
	Energy and Its Transformation
	Types of Energy Sources
		Primary and Secondary Energy
		Commercial Energy and Noncommercial Energy
	Nonrenewable Energy Resource
		Categories of Nonrenewable Resources for Electricity Generation
	Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation
		Mainstream Renewable Technologies
			Solar Energy System
			Wind Energy System
				Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
			Biomass Energy System
			Biomass Conversion Process to Useful Electrical Energy
				Thermal Conversion
				Chemical Conversion
			Geothermal Energy
				Low Temperature Resources: Heating
				High Temperature Resources: Electricity
			Working of a Conventional Geothermal Power Plant
			Wave Energy
				Wave Energy Resources
			Power Associated to a Sea Wave
			Hydro Energy System
			Hydro Power Basics: Head and Flow
				Power and Energy
	Worldwide Current Scenario of Renewable Energy System
	Environmental Aspects of Renewable Energy Sources
		Environmental Impacts of Different Technologies
			Environmental Impacts of Wind Power
			Environmental Impacts of Solar Power
			Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy
			Environmental Impacts of Biomass
			Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
	Exercise
		Objective Type Question
		Descriptive Type Question
	Further Reading
Introduction of Tidal Energy
	Historical and Parallel Scenario
		Introduction
		Global Scenario of Tidal Energy Systems
		Indian Scenario of Tidal Energy System
		Assessment of Tidal Energy System
			Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea-254MW
			La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France-240MW
			Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, United Kingdom-240MW
			MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland-86MW
			Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Canada-20MW
	Role of Tidal Energy in Nonconventional Energy Sources
	Basic Principle of Tidal Power Plants
		How the Tide Generates
		Principles of Tidal Power Stations
		Single-Basin System
		Two-Way Tidal Barrage Generations
		Two-Basin Tidal Energy Systems
			Double-Basin System
		Double-Basin With Linked Basin Operation
		Double-Basin With Paired-Basin Operation
	Available Technology and Concepts
		Available Recent Technologies and Concepts
			Advantages and Critical Points of Overtopping Converter
			Basic OWC Components
	Component of a Tidal Power Plant
		Tidal System Component Classification Layer Description
		Types of Turbines
		Tidal Steam Generator
			How Does It Work?
				Advantages of Tidal Stream Generators
				Disadvantages of Tidal Stream Generators
		Tidal Lagoon
		The Lagoon Wall
	Estimation of Energy Calculation
		Ocean With Single Basin Tidal Project
	Tidal Dynamic and Structure of Tidal Currents
		Tidal Current
			Mathematical Function of Tidal Structure
	Merits and Demerits of Tidal Energy Systems
		List of Advantages of Tidal Energy
		List of Disadvantages of Tidal Energy
	Numerical
	Exercise
	Numerical
	Objective-Type Question
	References
Prefeasibility Assessment of a Tidal Energy System
	Site Survey and Feasibility
		Resource Assessment Models
			One-Dimensional Resource Assessment
			Two-Dimensional Resource Assessment
			Three Dimensional Resource Assessments
		Numerical Models for Resource Assessment
		Theoretical Tidal Current Energy Resource
		Technical Tidal Current Energy Resource
		Practical Tidal Current Energy Resource Assessment
		Accessible Tidal Current Energy Resource
		Viable Tidal Current Energy Resource
		Quantification of Tidal-Stream Resource
		Resource Assessment by Regression Analysis
		Software Used in Resource Assessment
	Distances From the Load Center
		Critical Path Method to Assess Duration to Generate Energy From a Tidal Power Plant
			Advantages of CPM
	Physical Boundaries of Assessment
		Technical Boundaries
		Geographical Boundaries
		Surface Boundary Conditions
			Momentum
			Heat
			Fresh Water
			Lateral Boundary Condition
			Bottom Boundary Conditions
			Open Boundary Conditions
			Boundary Condition for Time (Initial Condition)
			Important Points Related to Physical Boundaries
		Functional Physical Boundaries of Assessment
	Static v/s Transect Field Survey
		Quantitative Observations Through Static and Transect Survey
			Qualitative Observations (Roving Surveys)
			Data Analysis
		The Challenge of Measuring Water Currents
	Location Assessment by Farm Method
		Tidal Optimal Unit Using Dynamic Programming Method
	Resource Assessment by Flux Method
		Maximum Steady-State Power Through Tidal Power Station
		Transmission Line Analogy of a Tidal Power Plant
			Primary Constant of a Transmission Line
			Secondary Constant of a Transmission Line
		Voltage Regulation of a Tidal Power Plant at a Suitable Site
	Prefeasibility Assessment With Detailed Project Report Preparation and Appraisal
		Simple Payback Period
			Advantages
			Limitations
		Return on Investment (ROI)
			Limitations
		Net Present Value of a Tidal Power Plant
		Internal Rate of Return of a Tidal Power Plant
			Advantages
	Exercise
		Numerical
		Objective-Type Questions
	References
	Further Reading
Optimum Sizing and Modeling of Tidal Energy Systems
	Introduction
	Modeling of Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
		Modeling of a Tidal Energy System by HOMER Software
			Modeling of Diesel Generator for Tidal Power Plant
			Modeling of Battery Bank for Tidal Power Plant
		Modeling of 9MW Tidal Power Plant Through MATLAB
		Tidal Energy Device Variability
		Characteristics of Towing Tanks
		Limitations With Physical Model Effects for TECs
		Water Tunnel
			Characteristics of Enclosed Water Tunnels
		TIDAL Basin
		Tidal Energy Framework
			Component Classification Layer Description
				Hydrodynamic System
	We have divided the working phenomena of the above components into seven segments:
		Modeled Processes
	Numerical Solution of Tidal Energy System
		Swell Effect (Long-Length) Tidal
		Energy Generation Through Tidal Power Plant
			Basin Scale
		Pressure Wave Velocity in Conduit
		Head Loss Due to Friction
		Tidal Current Modeling
	Modeling of a Tidal Current Turbine
		Turbine Power Output
		The Power in the Tides
		Forces on Blades and Torque of Tidal Turbine
		Mathematical Modeling of Hydraulic Turbine
	Tidal Energy Facility Size
		Functional Requirements
		Basic Requirements Imposed for Tidal Energy Generation by Grid Codes
		Grid-Connected Marine Energy Infrastructures
			Electrical Connection Functional Requirements
		Electrical Configurations Schemes
			AC Transmission-HVAC Transmission
				Possible Configurations
			DC Transmission
				HVDC VSC
				Possible Configurations
		Elements of a Grid Connection Infrastructure
			Cable Connectors
		Offshore Substation
			Subsea Cable
		Technical Issues Related to AC transmission
		Tidal Measurement Devices
			Acoustic Doppler Profile
			Radar Systems
			Tide Gauge
			Wave and Tide Sensor
				Features
		Software Used in Modeling of a Tidal Power Plant
			Tidal Farmer
			WaveDyn
			Steps of a Tidal Turbine Power Plant
				Inverter/UPS Rating
				Required Number of Batteries
				Backup Hours of Batteries
				Battery Charging Time
				Charging Current for Batteries
				Charging Time Required for Battery
				DC Load Is Connected As Well As Battery Charging
				Rating of Charge Controller
	Exercise
	Exercise
	References
	Further Reading
Control System of Tidal Power Plant
	Introduction
	Automatic Control of a Tidal Power Plant
	Need for automatic control of tidal power plant:
		Control System for Unit Operation
		Information and Control Signals
		Local Manual (Mechanical or Push Button) Control
		Local Control of Unit From UCB
		Control of Unit of Central Control Room and Off Site Supervisory Control
		Synchronizing of a Tidal Energy System
			Manual Synchronizing
			Automatic Synchronizing
	Control Strategies of Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
		Theory of Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion
		Tidal Turbine Control
			Angle of Attack
			Power and Efficiency
				Calculating the Tip Speed Ratio
			The Power Curve
			Control Strategies
		Tidal-Dynamic Energy Assessment
		Turbine Configuration and Control Objectives
			Drivetrain Model
			The Field Oriented Control Method
				Electromagnetic Torque
			Unity Power Factor Control
			Generator-Side Converter Control
	Reactive Power Control of Tidal Power Plant
		Design of Passive Components
		Power Factor Correction (Active and Reactive Power Control)
		Reactive Power and Voltage Control
			Voltage Control
			Tidal Generator
	Dynamic Control of Tidal Current Turbine
		Load Frequency Control
		Control Mechanism of Speed Governing System: Governor Servo System
			Governor Drive and Speed Setting
			Turbine Model
			Generator-Load Model
	Stability Analysis of a Tidal Power Plant
		Definitions
		Electrical Protection of a Tidal Generator
			Possible Faults
			Stator Faults
			Rotor Faults
			Loss of Excitation
			Unbalanced Loading
			Overvoltage
			System Frequency Swing
			Thermal Protection of Tidal Power Plant
			Failure of Cooling
			Backup Over Current Protection
			Transformer Protection
			Station Bus Zone Protection
			Transmission Line Protection
				Two Terminal Lines
			Overcurrent Protection
			Phase-to-Ground Faults
			Distance Protection
			Phase-to-Phase Faults
				The Impedance Type
	Exercise
	Reference
	Further Reading
Reliability Assessment Model
	Introduction
	Failure Distribution Model of a Tidal Energy System
	Time-Dependent Failure Mode of a Tidal Energy System
		Counting Process
		Series System Failure Rate Equations
			Parallel System Failure Rate Equations
		Reliability Analysis of a Tidal Energy System
	Constant Failure Rate Model
		Model Uncertainties
		Measurement Uncertainties
		Constant Failure Modes of Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
		Performance Assessment of Reliability Assessment
		Reliability Analysis of Fault-Tree Analysis
		Causes of Failure in a Tidal Renewable Energy System
		Fault-Tree Construction and Analysis
		Boolean Algebra and Reliability Calculation
		Exercise
	Further Reading
Tidal Energy Assessment and Economics
	Introduction
	Scenario of Tidal Energy System in India
		Potential Location in India for Tidal Power Generation
		India Lacks a Tidal Energy Policy
		Grid Parity of Tidal Energy in India
		Challenges With Tidal in Stream Technology
		Government Support for Tidal Energy in India
		List of Stakeholders Involved in the Development of Technology at the Central and State Levels
	Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Power Plant
	Assessment of Tidal Energy System by the Optimization Technique
		Particle Swarm Optimization
			Advantages and Disadvantages of PSO
		Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO)
		Big Bang Big Crunch
		Teacher Learning-Based Optimization Technique
			Teacher Phase
			Learner Phase
		Grasshopper Algorithm
		Cuckoo Optimization Technique
	Assessment of Tidal Energy System by Game Theory
		Basic Concept of Game Theory
		Game Theory in a Tidal Renewable Energy System
		Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium
	Role of Tidal Energy System in Clean Development Mechanism
		The Role of the Kyoto Protocol and the CDM
			Design of a Tidal Energy Project by Designated National Authorities (DNA)
			Designated Operating Entities (DOE)
				Private Gatherings
			NGOs
				CDM Project Completion Process
				CDM and Forests
		Present Status of CDM in India
			CDM Potential From Gujarat
			Present System for Public Sector CDM Projects in Gujarat
		CDM and Waste Disposal
		CDM's Role in Technology Transfer
		CDM and Sustainable Development
		CDM and Tidal Energy Promotion
	Economic Analysis of a Tidal Power Plant
		General Tariff Form
		Investment Need, Appraisal, and Criteria
		Criteria
		Financial Analysis Techniques
			Advantages
			Limitations
		Time Value of Money
		Return on Investment (ROI)
			Limitations
		Internal Rate of Return
			Advantages
		Energy Performance Contracting and Role of ESCOS
	Exercise
		Objective-Type Questions
	Reference
	Further Reading
Index
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