Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction microscopy : mapping polycrystals and their dynamics

front-matter.pdf......Page 0
1 Introduction......Page 9
References......Page 13
2.1 Electron and Optical Microscopy......Page 14
2.2 X-Ray Diffraction with Low-Energy X-Rays......Page 16
2.3 Conventional Bulk-Sensitive Methods......Page 18
2.4 Hard X-Rays: Properties......Page 19
2.5 Hard X-Ray Work Using Synchrotron Sources......Page 21
References......Page 24
3 Geometric Principles......Page 27
3.1 The Basic 3DXRD Setup......Page 28
3.2 Diffraction Geometry......Page 31
3.3 Representation of Crystallographic Orientation......Page 33
3.4 Representation of Position--Orientation Space......Page 37
References......Page 39
4.1 GRAINDEX......Page 41
4.2 Spot Overlap......Page 44
4.3.1 Grain Maps......Page 46
4.3.2 The Orientation, Elastic Strain and Stoichiometryof a Single Grain......Page 48
4.4 Conical and Spiral Slits......Page 50
4.5 Characterization of Large Volumes......Page 52
4.6 Dynamic Experiments......Page 54
References......Page 55
5 Orientation Mapping......Page 57
5.1 Image Analysis......Page 59
5.2 GRAINSWEEPER......Page 60
5.3.1 Algebraic Formulation......Page 63
5.3.2 The ART Algorithm......Page 65
5.3.3 Results......Page 66
5.4 3D-ART......Page 69
5.5.1 Geometry......Page 70
5.5.2 The FBP Algorithm......Page 72
5.5.3 Results......Page 73
5.6 The General 6D Case......Page 74
5.7 Discussion......Page 76
References......Page 77
6 Combining 3DXRD and Absorption Contrast Tomography......Page 79
6.1 Decoration of Al Grain Boundaries by Ga......Page 81
6.2 Plastic Strain Field......Page 83
6.3 Grain Mapping on the Basis of Extinction Contrast......Page 85
References......Page 87
7 Multigrain Crystallography......Page 88
7.1 Structure Determination from Polycrystalline Data......Page 89
References......Page 92
8 The 3DXRD Microscope......Page 94
8.1 Optics......Page 95
8.2 Diffractometer......Page 97
References......Page 99
9.1 Polycrystalline Deformation......Page 100
9.1.1 The 3D Toolbox......Page 101
9.1.2 Grain Rotation Experiments......Page 102
9.1.3 Lattice Strain Experiments......Page 105
9.2 Recrystallization......Page 108
9.2.1 Growth Curves of Individual Grains......Page 110
9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Nucleation Sites......Page 112
9.2.3 Outlook for the Statistical Approach......Page 114
9.2.4 First-Principles Studies......Page 115
9.3 Recovery and Nucleation......Page 117
9.3.1 Static Recovery......Page 119
9.3.2 Nucleation and the Emergence of New Orientations......Page 122
9.4 Peak Shape Analysis......Page 125
9.5 Phase Transformations......Page 128
9.5.1 Steel......Page 129
9.5.2 Optimization of High-Tc Superconducting Tapes......Page 132
9.6 Grain Size Distributions......Page 135
9.6.1 Methodological Concerns......Page 136
References......Page 138
10.1 Differential-Aperture X-Ray Microscopy......Page 143
10.2 The Moving-Area-Detector Method......Page 146
10.3 Other Depth-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction Methods......Page 147
10.4 Applying 3DXRD Methods to Other Sources......Page 149
References......Page 150
11 Concluding Remarks......Page 152
References......Page 154
Index......Page 155