Thermotolerance in Crop Plants

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Heat Stress in Wheat: Adaptation Strategies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Effect of Heat Stress on Wheat Crop
		1.2.1 Effect of Heat Stress on Vegetative Phase
		1.2.2 Effect of Heat Stress on Reproductive Phase
		1.2.3 Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Quality Traits
	1.3 Heat Stress Adaptation Strategies
		1.3.1 Morphological Adaptation Strategies
		1.3.2 Physiological Adaptations
		1.3.3 Molecular Adaptation Strategies
		1.3.4 Biochemical Adaptation Strategies
		1.3.5 Epigenetic Mechanism for Stress Response and Adaptation
	1.4 Heat Stress Priming in Wheat
	1.5 Summary
	References
2: Molecular Markers Mediated Heat Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Impacts of the Heat Stress on Major Cereal Plants
		2.2.1 Effect of Heat Stress in Rice
		2.2.2 Effect of Heat Stress in Wheat
		2.2.3 Effect of Heat Stress and Molecular Markers in Maize for Heat Stress
		2.2.4 Effect of Heat Stress and Molecular Markers in Barley for Heat Stress Adaptation
	2.3 Summary
	References
3: Physiology of Crop Yield Under Heat Stress
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Temperature Sensing in Plants
		3.2.1 Heat Stress Perception Through Plasma Membrane Channels
		3.2.2 Phytochrome B: A Thermosensor for Warm Temperature
		3.2.3 A Prion-Like Domain in ELF3 Acts as a Thermosensor
	3.3 Heat Stress Effects on Growth and Development of Plants
		3.3.1 Seed Germination
		3.3.2 Seedling Growth
		3.3.3 Tillering
		3.3.4 Reproductive Stage and Grain Filling
	3.4 Heat Stress Effects on the Physiology of Plants
		3.4.1 Photosynthesis
			3.4.1.1 Photosystem
			3.4.1.2 Chlorophyll
			3.4.1.3 Rubisco
		3.4.2 Photoassimilate Partitioning
		3.4.3 Membrane Integrity
		3.4.4 Oxidative Stress
		3.4.5 Water Relation
	3.5 Hormonal Changes Under Heat Stress
		3.5.1 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
		3.5.2 Auxin
		3.5.3 Gibberellin
		3.5.4 Cytokinin
		3.5.5 Salicylic Acid
		3.5.6 Brassinosteroids
		3.5.7 Jasmonic Acid
		3.5.8 Ethylene
	3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
4: Physiological Traits for Improving Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Rice and Its Importance
	4.3 Effect of High-Temperature Stress on Rice
	4.4 Effect of Drought Stress on Rice
	4.5 Effect of High Temperature on Rice Grain Yield, Pollen Viability, and Spikelet Fertility
	4.6 Effect of Stress on Rice Grain Yield, Spikelet Fertility, and Pollen Viability
	4.7 Effect of High Temperature on Rice Grain Yield, Spikelet Fertility, and Pollen Viability
	4.8 Heat Susceptibility Index and Cumulative Stress Response Index
	4.9 Effect of High Temperature on Rice Seed Quality
	4.10 High Temperature Effect on Gaseous Exchange and Tissue Temperature
	4.11 Effect of High Temperature on Relative Water Content (R.W.C.)
	4.12 Effect of High Temperature on Membrane StabilityIndex (MSI)
	4.13 Effect of High Temperature on Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant System
	4.14 Osmolytes Accumulations in High Temperature and Drought
	4.15 Hormone Metabolism in High-Temperature Stress
	4.16 Conclusion
	References
5: Understanding the Mechanism of High-Temperature Stress Effect and Tolerance in Wheat
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Effect of High Temperature on Wheat
		5.2.1 Effect on Morphology
		5.2.2 Effect on Anatomy
		5.2.3 Effect on Physiology
		5.2.4 Water Relations
		5.2.5 Photosynthesis
		5.2.6 Leaf Senescence
		5.2.7 Assimilate Partitioning
	5.3 Effect on Biochemistry
		5.3.1 Oxidative Stress
		5.3.2 Respiration
		5.3.3 Starch Synthesis
	5.4 Effect on Yield
	5.5 Thermotolerance Mechanism in Wheat
		5.5.1 Heat Shock Proteins
		5.5.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidative Defense Mechanism
		5.5.3 Phytohormones
		5.5.4 Stay Green
	5.6 Biotechnological Approach for Improving Heat Tolerance
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6: Reactive Oxygen Species: Friend or Foe
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 ROS Formation and Types
	6.3 Localization and Processes of the Generation of ROS in Plant Cells
	6.4 Antioxidant Defense and Plant Abiotic Stress: Recent Approaches
		6.4.1 Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Salinity
		6.4.2 Role of Antioxidants in Plants Under Water Scarcity and Drought Stress
		6.4.3 Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Toxic Metals/Metalloids
		6.4.4 Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under High Temperature
	6.5 Plant Antioxidant Defense System
		6.5.1 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
		6.5.2 Antioxidant Enzymes
	6.6 Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Plant Defense
	6.7 Cross-talk of Reactive Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Carbonyl Species with ROS
	6.8 Transgenic Approach in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants
	6.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
7: CDPKs Based Signalling Network: Protecting the Wheat from Heat
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases: The Thermometer of Plants
	7.3 Genome-Wide Identification of CDPKs
	7.4 Role of CDPKs in Phytohormone signallinig and  Thermotolerance
		7.4.1 CDPKs and ABA Signalling
		7.4.2 Role of CDPKs in Thermotolerance
		7.4.3 Correlation of CDPKs with Other TFs and SAGs
	7.5 Role of CDPK in Carbon fixation in Wheat under Heat Stress
	7.6 Manipulation of CDPKs for the Development of Climate Smart Crop
	7.7 Future Prospects
	References
8: Heat Shock Proteins: Catalytic Chaperones Involved in Modulating Thermotolerance in Plants
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mechanism of Heat Stress
	8.3 Heat Shock Proteins
	8.4 Thermal Stability of HSPs
	8.5 Classification of Heat Shock Proteins
	8.6 Role of Different HSPs
		8.6.1 Class: HSP 100
		8.6.2 Class: HSP 90
		8.6.3 Class: HSP 70
		8.6.4 Class: HSP 60
		8.6.5 Class: HSP 40
		8.6.6 Class: sHSPs (Small HSPs)
	8.7 HSPs/Chaperones Network
	8.8 Genetically Modified Plants for Heat Stress Tolerance
	8.9 Conclusion
	References
9: Starch Metabolism under Heat Stress
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Types of Starch Granules
	9.3 Starch Biosynthesis in Plant
	9.4 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Starch Granule and Grain Structure
	9.5 Multi-dimensions of Starch Metabolism
	9.6 Starch Metabolism During Heat Stress
	9.7 Strategies to Mitigate the Effect of Heat Stress
		9.7.1 Conventional Breeding Strategies
		9.7.2 Molecular and Biotechnological Approaches
		9.7.3 Omics Approaches in Developing Heat Stress Tolerance
		9.7.4 CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Editing
	References
10: Heat Stress and Grain Quality
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Wheat Quality
		10.2.1 Starch
		10.2.2 Protein
		10.2.3 Other Grain Parameters
	10.3 Rice Quality
		10.3.1 Grain Chalkiness
		10.3.2 Side-Effects of Chalkiness
		10.3.3 Effect on Physicochemical Properties of Starch
		10.3.4 Cracked Grain and Immature Thin Grain with Deep Creases
	10.4 Maize Quality
	10.5 Barley Quality
	10.6 Summary
	References
11: OMICS Tools and Techniques for Study of Defense Mechanism in Plants
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 OMICS Approaches to Study Plant Defense Mechanism
		11.2.1 Genomics
		11.2.2 Transcriptomics
		11.2.3 Proteomics
		11.2.4 Metabolomics
		11.2.5 Phenomics
	11.3 Bioinformatics Tools and Techniques for Integration of Multi-OMICS Data
	11.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
12: Induced Mutagenesis for High-Temperature Tolerance in Crop Plants
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Induction of Mutations in Crop Plants
	12.3 Wheat
		12.3.1 Induced Mutations for Mitochondrial Functions
		12.3.2 Induced Mutations for Stay Green Genotype
		12.3.3 Induced Mutations for Thousand Kernel Weight
		12.3.4 Induced Mutations for Small Heat-Shock Proteins
		12.3.5 Induced Mutations for Stable Meiosis at High Temperature
	12.4 Rice
		12.4.1 Induced Mutations for Improved Spikelet Fertility
		12.4.2 Induced Mutations for Heat Tolerance at Seedling and Reproductive Stage
		12.4.3 Induced Mutations for Chlorophyllide a Oxygenase for Heat Stress
	12.5 Mutation Breeding in Maize and Barley
		12.5.1 Maize
	12.6 Barley
		12.6.1 Induced Mutations for Brassinosteroids for Improved Heat Tolerance
		12.6.2 Regulation of Heat-Shock Protein in Brassinosteroids Mutants
	12.7 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
	12.8 Heat-Tolerant Varieties Released Through Mutation Breeding
	12.9 Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome (TILLING) for Heat Tolerance
	12.10 CRISPR-Cas Technology for Development of Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Crop
	12.11 Summary
	References
13: CRISPR/Cas-Based Genome Editing to Enhance Heat Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 What Is Genome Editing and Why It Is Needed?
	13.3 Food Security
	13.4 Engineered Crops Through Advanced Plant Breeding Approach
		13.4.1 CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing: The Evolution of Site-Specific Nucleases
	13.5 Strategies to Design Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Plants with CRISPR Technologies
	13.6 Heat Stress: Impact on Crop Production
		13.6.1 Plant Response to Heat Stress and Adaptive Strategies
		13.6.2 Strategies for Heat Stress Management
		13.6.3 Genes Associated with Heat Stress Tolerance
		13.6.4 CRISPR-Mediated Approach to Enhance Heat Stress Tolerance
	13.7 Limitations and Future Prospects of CRISPR
		13.7.1 Limitations
		13.7.2 Future Prospects
	References
14: Genomics-Enabled Breeding for Heat and Drought Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Molecular Markers
	14.3 Genomics-Enabled Breeding
	14.4 Marker-Assisted Selection for Drought Tolerance
	14.5 Marker-Assisted Selection for Heat Tolerance
	14.6 Potential of Genomic Selection for Heat and Drought Tolerances
	14.7 Challenges of Genomics-Enabled Breeding in Crops
	14.8 Novel Executive Tools of Genomics to Improve Drought Tolerance
	14.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Correction to: Thermotolerance in Crop Plants
	Correction to: R. R. Kumar et al. (eds.), Thermotolerance in Crop Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3800-9