Thermodynamics. From Fundamentals to Multiphase and Multicomponent Systems

Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I The Principles of Thermodynamics
1 The First Principle
	1.1 The Laws of Gases
		1.1.1 Pressure
		1.1.2 Temperature
	1.2 From Stahl to Lavoisier
		1.2.1 Gay-Lussac and Clapeyron
	1.3 The Steam Engines and Carnot
	1.4 The Principle of Energy Conservation
		1.4.1 Joseph Black
		1.4.2 Joule\'s Experiments
		1.4.3 Exercise
		1.4.4 The Principle of Energy Conservation
		1.4.5 The Joule Expansion
		1.4.6 Specific or Molar Heats
		1.4.7 Ideal Gases
	1.5 Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium States
2 The Second Principle
	2.1 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
		2.1.1 An Abrupt Isothermal Expansion
		2.1.2 Expansion Work
		2.1.3 Quasi-static Isothermal Expansion
		2.1.4 Inverse Process. The Cycle
		2.1.5 Exercises
		2.1.6 Work and Heat Conversion. The Role of Dissipation
		2.1.7 Exercises
	2.2 The Second Principle of Thermodynamics
		2.2.1 Statements of the Second Principle
		2.2.2 Exercises
	2.3 Sadi Carnot and Émile Clapeyron
		2.3.1 Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature
		2.3.2 Using the Ideal Gas Properties for Calculating the Conversion Efficiency for the Carnot\'s Cycle
		2.3.3 Exercises
	2.4 Reversible Cycles Other Than Carnot\'s Cycle
		2.4.1 Exercises
	2.5 Clausius Inequality and Entropy
		2.5.1 External and Internal Sources of Entropy
		2.5.2 Exercises
	2.6 The Meaning of Entropy
Part II Thermodynamic Equilibrium
3 The Equilibrium State
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Open Systems and Gibbs Potential
	3.3 Intensive and Extensive Variables
	3.4 Homogeneity of the Equilibrium State
		3.4.1 Exercises
	3.5 Legendre Transforms of the Internal Energy
		3.5.1 Helmholtz Energy
		3.5.2 Enthalpy
		3.5.3 Gibbs Energy
		3.5.4 Exercises
	3.6 Maxwell Relations
		3.6.1 The Entropy as a Function of the Temperature and Volume
		3.6.2 The Internal Energy as a Function of the Temperature and Volume
		3.6.3 Exercises
	3.7 Minimum Principles
		3.7.1 Minimum Principle for the Internal Energy
		3.7.2 Minimum Principle for Enthalpy
		3.7.3 Minimum Principle for the Helmholtz Energy
		3.7.4 Exercises
4 Phase Equilibrium
	4.1 Andrews, van der Waals and Maxwell
		4.1.1 Exercise
	4.2 Gibbs Potential to Find the Transition Pressure
		4.2.1 Maxwell Area Rule
		4.2.2 Exercise
	4.3 The Transition State
		4.3.1 Exercise
	4.4 The Liquid-Vapor Phase Diagram
	4.5 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
		4.5.1 Exercise
	4.6 The Law of Corresponding States
	4.7 Acentric Factor
		4.7.1 Exercises
	4.8 Some Popular Cubic Equations of State
		4.8.1 Redlich-Kwong
		4.8.2 Soave
		4.8.3 Peng-Robinson
		4.8.4 Exercises
	4.9 The Virial Equation of State
		4.9.1 Second Virial Coefficient
		4.9.2 Third Virial Coefficient
		4.9.3 Exercises
	4.10 Calculation of State Variables
		4.10.1 Exercises
5 Non-ideal Mixtures
	5.1 Partial Volumes and the Amagat\'s Law
		5.1.1 Exercise
	5.2 Gibbs–Duhem Equation for Mixtures
	5.3 Ideal Gases
		5.3.1 Exercises
	5.4 The Lewis Concept of Fugacity
		5.4.1 Calculation of the Fugacity Coefficient for a Virial Equation of State
		5.4.2 Calculation of the Fugacity Coefficient for a Cubic Equation of State
		5.4.3 Exercises
	5.5 Ideal Solutions
		5.5.1 Raoult\'s Law
		5.5.2 Exercise
	5.6 Non-ideal Solutions
		5.6.1 Gibbs Energy in Excess
		5.6.2 Margules Model
		5.6.3 Exercises
	5.7 Activity Coefficients from Molecular Groups
		5.7.1 Combinatorial Activity Coefficient
		5.7.2 Residual Activity Coefficient
		5.7.3 Exercises
	5.8 Phase Equilibrium
		5.8.1 Phase Equilibrium at Low Pressures
		5.8.2 Phase-Equilibrium Using the Virial Equation of State for the Vapor Phase
		5.8.3 Phase Equilibrium Using a Cubic Equation of State for the Vapor Phase
	5.9 Summary
6 Surface Physics
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Laplace
		6.2.1 Exercises
	6.3 The Form of a Sessile Drop
	6.4 Surface Tension and the Helmholtz Energy
		6.4.1 Exercise
	6.5 A Deeper Insight into the Physics of Interfaces
		6.5.1 Exercises
		6.5.2 Density Profile
		6.5.3 Interface Thickness
		6.5.4 Surface Tension
		6.5.5 Sample Case: Water
		6.5.6 Exercise
	6.6 Interaction Between Fluids and Solid Surfaces
		6.6.1 Exercise
		6.6.2 Dynamic Contact Angle
	6.7 Surface Energies: Cahn\'s Theory
		6.7.1 Hydrophilic Surfaces
		6.7.2 Hydrophobic Surfaces
		6.7.3 Contact Angle and Adhesion Energy
		6.7.4 Exercise
	6.8 Emulsions
Part III Introduction to Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
7 Non-equilibrium States
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The Local Approach
	7.3 Mass Conservation
		7.3.1 Exercises
	7.4 Momentum Balance Equation
		7.4.1 Exercises
	7.5 Energy Conservation
	7.6 The Heated Cavity Problem
	7.7 The Law of Increasing Entropy
	7.8 Exercises
8 Multiphase Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Singular Interface Approach
		8.2.1 Mass Conservation
		8.2.2 Momentum Balance Equation
		8.2.3 Particular Cases
		8.2.4 Exercises
		8.2.5 Numerical Methods for the Singular Interface Approach
	8.3 The Diffuse Interface Approach
		8.3.1 Surface Forces
		8.3.2 Momentum Balance Equation
		8.3.3 Summary
		8.3.4 Exercise
		8.3.5 Internal Energy Balance Equation
		8.3.6 Numerical Methods for the Diffuse Interface Approach
9 Multicomponent Systems
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Mixtures Without Segregation Effects
		9.2.1 Transport Equations
		9.2.2 Exercises
	9.3 Segregation Effects in Non-ideal Mixtures
		9.3.1 Pressure Tensor and the Equation of State
		9.3.2 Interface Physics
		9.3.3 Spinodal Decomposition in Multicomponent Systems
10 Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics from a Kinetic Standpoint
	10.1 Scales of Investigation
	10.2 The Boltzmann Equation
		10.2.1 The Liouville Equation
		10.2.2 The Long-Range Term. Mean Field Theory
		10.2.3 The Short-Range Collision Term
		10.2.4 Elementary Properties of the Collision Term
		10.2.5 The H-Theorem
		10.2.6 Macroscopic Transport Equations
		10.2.7 Exercises
	10.3 Kinetic Models for the Collision Term
		10.3.1 The BGK Collision Model
		10.3.2 Beyond BGK
		10.3.3 The Stokes Hypothesis
		10.3.4 Exercises
	10.4 Non-ideal Fluids
		10.4.1 Two Phase Liquid-Vapor Systems
		10.4.2 Exercises
	10.5 Multicomponent Systems
		10.5.1 Macroscopic Equations
		10.5.2 Using a Reverse Standpoint to Find the Microscopic Parameters and the Intermolecular Force
		10.5.3 Exercises
Appendix The Euler–Lagrange Equations
	References