Thermodynamics of Aqueous Systems with Industrial Applications

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Conference Overview......Page 9
Sour-water Thermodynamic Data......Page 10
Enthalpies of Steam-containing Mixtures......Page 13
Literature Cited......Page 19
Acid Gas Removal......Page 20
Sulfur Recovery......Page 28
Sulfur Dioxide Removal......Page 35
Wastewater Treatment......Page 42
Literature Cited......Page 50
3 Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions......Page 53
Subscripts......Page 63
Literature cited......Page 64
4 Two New Activity Coefficient Models for the Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Electrolyte Systems......Page 65
The Pitzer Equation......Page 66
Previous Applications of the Pitzer Equation to Weak Electrolytes......Page 68
Extension of the Pitzer Equation......Page 69
Application of the Extended Pitzer Equation......Page 70
The Local Composition Model......Page 74
Development of the Local Composition Model......Page 75
Discussion of the Local Composition Model......Page 78
Application of the Local Composition Model......Page 79
Acknowledgement......Page 90
Subscripts......Page 91
Literature Cited......Page 92
5 Chemical Equilibria in Flue Gas Scrubbing Slurries......Page 94
Calculation of Ion and Ion-Pair Activity Coefficients......Page 96
Computational Methods......Page 102
Calculation of Supersaturation Ratios of Flue Gas Scrubbing Slurries......Page 104
Calculation of Dissolved Alkalinity......Page 105
Nomenclature......Page 107
Literature Cited......Page 109
6 Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Aqueous Condensates from Coal Processing......Page 110
Solubility of Gases in Water......Page 111
Salting Out of Gases......Page 116
Notation......Page 134
Acknowledgement......Page 135
Literature Cited......Page 136
Thermodynamics......Page 142
Method by van Krevelen, Hoftijzer and Huntjens (1) (KHH)......Page 146
Procedure of Beutier and Renon (2) (BR)......Page 148
Procedure of Edwards, Maurer, Newman and Prausnitz (3) (EMNP)......Page 151
Comparison with Experimental Results......Page 155
Conclusion......Page 162
Procedure of van Krevelen et al. for calculating VLE......Page 163
On the method of Beutier and Renon used for the calculations of the present work......Page 165
Ionic species i......Page 169
On the method of Edwards et a l.......Page 172
Literature Cited......Page 175
8 Representation of NH3-H2S-H2O, NH3-SO2 -H2O, and NH3-CO2-H2O Vapor-Liquid Equilibria......Page 176
Deviations to Ideality......Page 184
Activity of Water......Page 185
List of Symbols......Page 186
Literature Cited......Page 188
9 Sour Water EquilibriaAmmonia Volatility down to PPM Levels; pH vs. Composition; and Effect of Electrolytes on Ammonia Volatility......Page 190
Measurement Apparatus......Page 191
Measurement Results......Page 195
Summary and Conclusions......Page 228
Literature Cited......Page 229
10 Predicting Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibria in Multicomponent Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes......Page 230
Thermodynamic Framework......Page 232
Overall Structure of the ECES System......Page 237
Using the ECES System to Predict Vapor Liquid Equilibria (NH3-CO2-H2O)......Page 239
Using the ECES System for Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibria (FeCl2-HCl-H2O)......Page 245
Conclusions and Significance......Page 247
Literature Cited......Page 248
11 Effects of Aqueous Chemical Equilibria on Wet Scrubbing of Sulfur Dioxide With Magnesia-Enhanced Limestone......Page 250
Formulation and Verification of Chemical Model......Page 251
Correlations for Equilibrium SO2 Partial Pressure and Liquor\rComposition......Page 255
Equations for Calculating the Degree of Gypsum Saturation......Page 261
Enhancement Effect of Magnesia-Induced Dissolved Sulfite on SO2 Removal......Page 263
Summary and Conclusions......Page 267
Abstract......Page 268
Literature Cited......Page 269
12 Sulfur Dioxide Vapor Pressure and pH of Sodium Citrate Buffer Solutions with Dissolved Sulfur Dioxide......Page 271
Experimental Methods......Page 272
pH Behavior......Page 274
SO2 Vapor Pressure......Page 277
Design Calculations for Absorption/Stripping......Page 286
Nomenclature......Page 291
Acknowledgements......Page 292
Literature Cited......Page 293
Fossil Fuel Characteristics......Page 294
Basic Methods of Coal Conversion......Page 295
Carbon Removal Processes......Page 296
Hydrogen Addition Processes......Page 298
Efficiency Considerations......Page 301
14 Thermodynamic Data for Synthesis Gas and Related Systems Prediction, Development, Evaluation, and Correlation......Page 304
The Magnitude of Work to be Done......Page 305
Methods of Data Development......Page 306
Mixtures with Polar Components......Page 309
Abstract......Page 314
Processes Involved......Page 315
GPA Projects Involving Water......Page 316
Other Work......Page 318
LITERATURE CITED......Page 319
GRI\'S HISTORY......Page 320
THE OVERALL GRI R&D PROGRAM......Page 321
THE GAS SUPPLY PROGRAM......Page 322
1.1 UNCONVENTIONAL NATURAL GAS......Page 323
1.2 SNG FROM COAL......Page 324
1.4 SNG FROM BIOMASS......Page 326
1.5 HYDROGEN......Page 328
17 Application of the PFGC-MES Equation of State to Synthetic and Natural Gas Systems......Page 329
Theory......Page 330
Model Validation......Page 335
Sample Problems......Page 340
Summary......Page 352
Nomenclature List......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 354
18 Considerations Affecting Observation of Interaction Second Virial Coefficients by Chromatography......Page 356
Analysis of Experiment......Page 357
Literature Cited......Page 372
Stoichiometry......Page 374
Critical Points......Page 375
Binary Critical Points......Page 378
Reaction Equilibrium......Page 381
Calculated Critical and Equilibrium Points......Page 383
Literature Cited......Page 386
20 Two- and Three-Phase Equilibrium Calculations for Coal Gasification and Related Processes......Page 388
Non-Hydrocarbon - Water Binaries......Page 390
Hydrocarbon - Water Binaries......Page 393
Literature Cited......Page 408
21 Phase Equilibrium Calculations by Equation of State for Aqueous Systems with Low Mutual Solubility......Page 410
Method of Calculation......Page 412
Determination of the Parameters of Pure Water......Page 414
Mixtures of Water and Inert Components......Page 416
Mixtures with active Compounds......Page 422
Conclusions......Page 426
Acknowledgement......Page 427
Literature Cited......Page 428
22 Excess Enthalpies of Some Binary Steam Mixtures......Page 430
Results for the Mixture Steam + n-Heptane......Page 431
Analysis of the Results at High Pressures......Page 434
The Separated Associated Fluid Interaction Model for Polar + Nonpolar Mixtures......Page 436
Literature Cited......Page 441
23 Thermodynamics of Aqueous Electrolytes at Various Temperatures, Pressures, and Compositions......Page 443
Miscible Electrolytes......Page 445
Virial Coefficient Equations for Electrolytes......Page 448
References......Page 456
24 Current Status of Experimental Knowledge of Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Solutions......Page 459
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHIES......Page 474
COMPILATIONS OF DATA......Page 475
TREATISES AND REVIEWS......Page 480
MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS......Page 483
25 Prediction of Activity Coefficients of Strong Electrolytes in Aqueous Systems......Page 486
Subscripts and Superscripts.......Page 501
Literature Cited......Page 502
26 The Solubility of Gases in Water from 350 - 600 Κ......Page 503
The solubility of gases between the temperature of 273 and 350 Κ.......Page 504
The solubility of the gases in water from 350 to 600 K.......Page 505
The effect of pressure on gas solubility......Page 522
Acknowledgment......Page 524
Literature Cited......Page 525
Models and Correlating Equations......Page 527
Experimental Techniques......Page 530
Other Thermodynamic Properties......Page 531
Literature Cited......Page 534
28 Current Trends in the Fundamental Theory of Ionic Solutions......Page 537
1. THERMODYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE......Page 538
2. HAMILTONIAN MODELS AT VARIOUS LEVELS......Page 539
3. MM-LEVEL ū+-(r) FROM BO LEVEL......Page 541
4. REFINED MM-LEVEL MODELS......Page 543
5. NON-THERMODYNAMIC DATA......Page 545
6. CORRESPONDING STATES FOR IONIC SYSTEMS......Page 547
LITERATURE CITED......Page 548
Ionic Media......Page 551
Ion-Pairing......Page 552
Activity Coefficients......Page 553
Equilibrium Constants......Page 556
Literature Cited......Page 557
2) Information Obtained......Page 558
3) Advantages......Page 559
4) Measurements of ΔmΗ......Page 560
5) Heat Capacity Measurements......Page 563
6) Conclusion......Page 567
Literature Cited......Page 569
I. Experimental Methods......Page 570
II . High Pressure Equation of State of Electrolyte Solutions......Page 591
III. Estimation of the PVT Properties of Mixed Electrolyte Solutions......Page 601
Acknowledgement......Page 605
Literature Cited......Page 606
32 Application of Thermodynamics in Hydrometallurgy A State-of-the-Art Review......Page 612
Species in Solution......Page 613
Equilibrium Constants and Free Energy of Formation......Page 614
Activity Coefficients......Page 619
Computer Programs......Page 621
Abstract......Page 624
Literature Cited......Page 625
Phase Rule......Page 629
Solid-Solution Interactions......Page 630
Ion Pair-Complex Competition......Page 636
Literature Cited......Page 638
34 Thermodynamics of High-Temperature Aqueous Systems What the Electricity Generating Industry Needs to Know......Page 639
1.Power Station Water Circuits......Page 640
2.Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 642
3.Applications......Page 654
4.Concluding Remarks......Page 659
5.Literature Cited......Page 660
Principles......Page 666
Methods for a simple case......Page 668
Methods for more complex diagrams......Page 673
Variations of Pourbaix diagrams......Page 676
Program comparisons......Page 682
Literature Cited......Page 684
I. Introduction.......Page 685
II. Extraction Processes.......Page 686
III. Trace Metals and Additives in Electrodeposition.......Page 689
IV. Summary and Conclusions.......Page 695
Literature Cited.......Page 698
37 Activity Coefficients at High Concentrations in Multicomponent Salt Systems......Page 700
Thermodynamics of Dilute Solutions......Page 701
Harned\'s Rule......Page 703
Thermodynamics of Concentrated Solutions......Page 705
Activity Coefficient of Water in Concentrated Solutions......Page 709
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria......Page 712
Solid-Liquid Equilibria......Page 714
Extension of Technique by Vera and Co-Workers......Page 716
Conclusions......Page 718
Literature Cited......Page 721
38 Modeling the Chemical Equilibria in Solid-Liquid Reactions Application to Leaching of Ores......Page 723
Development of the Partial Equilibrium Model......Page 724
Application of the Partial Equilibrium Model......Page 728
Summary and Conclusion......Page 734
Terms and Solutions......Page 736
Literature Cited......Page 737
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