Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics

Table of Contents
FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Some Recallings of Physics
Some Definitions of Thermodynamics
Equation of State
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Mathematical Counterparts of First Law
Enthalpy and Heat Capacity
Heats of Reactions- Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry (Following)—Heats of Reactions and Bond Energies
The First Law and the Ideal Gases
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Entropy Function
Calculations Involving the Function Entropy
Further Considerations on the Meaning of Function Entropy
Free Energy, Free Enthalpy—Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies
Open and Closed Systems—Different Expressions of the Composition of a Solution
Escaping Tendency—Gibbs Energy Change Accompanying a Reaction Between Perfect Gases
Partial Molar Quantities—Chemical Potential
Gibbs Energy Change Accompanying a Chemical Reaction—General Equilibrium Condition of a Chemical Reaction
Activity–Ideal Solutions–Standard States
The Mass Action Law—Equilibrium Constant of a Chemical Reaction
Gibbs Energy Function Changes: Further Comments
Obtention of Reactional Gibbs Energies and of Standard Enthalpies and Entropies 
Ligand Binding to Macromolecules
Open Systems—Some Rudiments of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Some Generalities on the Kinetics of Chemical Reactions
SOME ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Redox Reactions–Redox Couples—Brief Description of an Electrochemical Cell
Other Equilibria in Solutions
The ‘‘Natural Trick’’ for Bioenergetics to Function
THERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL CELLS
Enzymes–Kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions
The Flow of Energy in the Biological World
Adenosine Triphosphate, Adenosine Diphosphate, Monophosphate and Derivatives NAD+: Some Physico-Chemical Properties
The Transfer of Chemical Energy with the Aid of ATP
Glycolysis and Fermentation
The Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation—Photosynthesis
The Pentose Phosphates Pathway–Glucogenesis
The Chemical Work of Biosynthesis
Lipids and Amino-Acids as Fuel
Active Transport and Electrical Work
The Molecular Basis of the Informational System–The Replication of DNA–The Transcription to mRNA–Protein Biosynthesis
Biological Information
Appendices