Thermodynamics: A complete undergraduate course

1 How to use this book
	1.1 For the student
	1.2 For the teacher
2 Introducing thermodynamics
3 A survey of thermodynamic ideas
	3.1 Energy and entropy
	3.2 Concepts and terminology
		3.2.1 System
		3.2.2 State
		3.2.3 Extensive, intensive
		3.2.4 Thermodynamic equilibrium
		3.2.5 Temperature
		3.2.6 Quasistatic
		3.2.7 Reversible and irreversible
		3.2.8 Adiathermal, isentropic, adiabatic, isothermal
		3.2.9 Expansion coefficients, heat capacities
		3.2.10 Thermal reservoir
	3.3 The laws of thermodynamics
	3.4 Where we are heading
	Exercises
4 Some general knowledge
	4.1 Density, heat capacity
	4.2 Moles
	4.3 Boltzmann constant, gas constant
	4.4 Pressure and STP
	4.5 Latent heat
	4.6 Magnetic properties
5 Mathematical tools
	5.1 Working with partial derivatives
		5.1.1 Reciprocal and reciprocity theorems
		5.1.2 Integrating
		5.1.3 Mixed derivatives
	5.2 Proper and improper differentials, function of state
		5.2.1 Integrating factor
	5.3 Some further observations
		5.3.1 Alternative derivation of reciprocal and reciprocity theorems
		5.3.2 Integration in general
	Exercises
6 Zeroth law, equation of state
	6.1 Empirical temperature
		6.1.1 Equation of state
		6.1.2 Algebraic argument ()
	6.2 Some example equations of state
		6.2.1 Ideal gas
		6.2.2 Thermal radiation
		6.2.3 Solids and wires
		6.2.4 Paramagnetic material
		6.2.5 Equations of state for other properties
	6.3 Thermometry
	Exercises
7 First law, internal energy
	7.1 Defining internal energy
		7.1.1 Heat and work
	7.2 Work by compression
	7.3 Heat capacities
		7.3.1 Energy equation
		7.3.2 Relation of compressibilitiesand heat capacities
	7.4 Solving thermodynamic problems
	7.5 Expansion
		7.5.1 Free expansion of ideal gas
		7.5.2 Adiabatic expansion of ideal gas
		7.5.3 Adiabatic atmosphere
		7.5.4 Fast and yet adiabatic?
	Exercises
8 The second law and entropy
	8.1 Heat engines and the Carnot cycle
		8.1.1 Heat pumps and refrigerators
		8.1.2 Two impossible things (equivalence of Kelvin and Clausius statements)
	8.2 Carnot\'s theorem and absolute temperature
		8.2.1 Carnot\'s theorem: reversible engines are equally, and the most, efficient
		8.2.2 Existence of an absolute temperature measure
		8.2.3 Hot heat is more valuable than cold heat
	8.3 Clausius\' theorem and entropy
	8.4 The first and second laws together
	8.5 Summary
	Exercises
9 Understanding entropy
	9.1 Examples
		9.1.1 Entropy content
		9.1.2 Entropy production and entropy flow
	9.2 But what is it?
		9.2.1 Entropy increase in a free expansion
	9.3 Gibbs\' paradox
		9.3.1 Entropy of mixing
		9.3.2 Reversible mixing
	9.4 Specific heat anomalies
	9.5 Maxwell\'s daemon
		9.5.1 Szilard engine
		9.5.2 The Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet
	9.6 The principle of detailed balance
	9.7 Adiabatic surfaces ()
	9.8 Irreversibility in the universe
	Exercises
10 Heat flow and thermal relaxation
	10.1 Thermal conduction; diffusion equation
		10.1.1 Steady state
		10.1.2 Time-dependent
	10.2 Relaxation time
	10.3 Speed of sound ()
		10.3.1 Ultra-relativistic gas
	Exercises
11 Practical heat engines
	11.1 The maximum work theorem
		11.1.1 Imperfections
	11.2 Otto cycle
	Exercises
12 Introducing chemical potential
	12.1 Chemical potential of anideal gas
		12.1.1 Example: the isothermal atmosphere
	12.2 Saha equation ()
	Exercises
13 Functions and methods
	13.1 The fundamental relation
		13.1.1 Euler relation, Gibbs–Duhem relation
	13.2 Thermodynamic potentials
		13.2.1 Free energy as a form of potential energy
		13.2.2 Natural variables and thermodynamic potentials
		13.2.3 Maxwell relations
		13.2.4 Obtaining one potential function from another
	13.3 Basic results for closed systems
		13.3.1 Relating internal energy to equation of state
		13.3.2 Sackur–Tetrode equation
		13.3.3 Complete thermodynamic information
	Exercises
14 Elastic bands, rods, bubbles, magnets
	14.1 Expressions for work
	14.2 Rods, wires, elastic bands
	14.3 Surface tension
	14.4 Paramagnetism
		14.4.1 Ideal paramagnet
		14.4.2 Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization
	14.5 Electric and magnetic work ()
		14.5.1 Dielectrics and polarization
		14.5.2 Magnetic work
	14.6 Introduction to the partition function ()
	Exercises
15 Modelling real gases
	15.1 van der Waals gas
		15.1.1 Phase change
		15.1.2 Critical parameters and the law of corresponding states
	15.2 Redlich–Kwong, Dieterici, and Peng–Robinson gas
	Exercises
16 Expansion and flow processes
	16.1 Expansion coefficients
	16.2 U: free expansion
		16.2.1 Deriving the equation of state of an ideal gas
	16.3 H: throttle process: Joule–Kelvin expansion
		16.3.1 Bernoulli equation
		16.3.2 Cooling and liquification of gases
	16.4 General flow process
		16.4.1 S and H: the gas turbine
	Exercises
17 Stability and free energy
	17.1 Isolated system: maximum entropy
		17.1.1 Equilibrium condition with internal restrictions
		17.1.2 The minimum energy principle
		17.1.3 Stability
	17.2 Phase change
	17.3 Free energy and availability
		17.3.1 Free energy and equilibrium
	Exercises
18 Reinventing the subject
	18.1 Some basic derivations from maximum entropy
	18.2 Carathéodory formulation of the second law ()
	18.3 Negative temperature ()
19 Thermal radiation
	19.1 Some general observations about thermal radiation
		19.1.1 Black body radiation: a first look
	19.2 Basic thermodynamic arguments
		19.2.1 Equation of state and Stefan–Boltzmann law
		19.2.2 Comparison with ideal gas
		19.2.3 Adiabatic expansion and Wien\'s laws ()
	19.3 Cosmic microwave background radiation
	Exercises
20 Radiative heat transfer
	20.1 The greenhouse effect
	Exercises
21 Chemical reactions
	21.1 Basic considerations
		21.1.1 Reaction rate
	21.2 Chemical equilibrium and the law of mass action
		21.2.1 Van \'t Hoff equation
		21.2.2 Chemical terminology
	21.3 The reversible electric cell ()
	Exercises
22 Phase change
	22.1 General introduction
		22.1.1 Phase diagram
		22.1.2 Some interesting phase diagrams
	22.2 Basic properties of first-order phase transitions
	22.3 Clausius–Clapeyron equation
		22.3.1 Vapour–liquid and liquid–solid coexistence lines
		22.3.2 Gibbs phase rule
		22.3.3 Behaviour of the chemical potential
	22.4 The type-I superconducting transition ()
	Exercises
23 The third law
	23.1 Response functions
	23.2 Unattainability theorem
	23.3 Phase change
	23.4 Absolute entropy and chemical potential
24 Phase change, nucleation, and solutes
	24.1 Treatment of surface effects
	24.2 Metastable phases
		24.2.1 Nucleation
	24.3 Colligative properties
		24.3.1 Osmotic pressure
		24.3.2 Influence of dissolved particles on phase transitions
	24.4 Chapter summary
	Exercises
25 Continuous phase transitions
	25.1 Order parameter
	25.2 Critical exponents
	25.3 Landau mean field theory
		25.3.1 Application to ferromagnetism
	25.4 Binary mixtures
	Exercises
26 Self-gravitation and negative heat capacity
	26.1 Negative heat capacity
		26.1.1 Jeans length
	26.2 Black holes and Hawking radiation
	Exercises
27 Fluctuations
	27.1 Probability of a departure from the maximum entropy point
		27.1.1 Is there a violation of the second law?
	27.2 Calculating the fluctuations
		27.2.1 More general constraints
		27.2.2 Some general observations
	27.3 Internal flows
	27.4 Fluctuation as a function of time
	27.5 Johnson noise
	Exercises
28 Thermoelectricity and entropy flow
	28.1 Thermoelectric effects
		28.1.1 Thomson\'s treatment
	28.2 Entropy gradients and Onsager\'s reciprocal relations
		28.2.1 Derivation of Onsager\'s reciprocal relation
		28.2.2 Application
		28.2.3 Entropy current, entropy production rate
	Exercises
Appendix A Electric and magnetic work
Appendix B More on natural variables and free energy
Appendix C Some mathematical results
Bibliography
Index