Thermodynamics, Gas Dynamics, and Combustion

Preface
Contents
Part I: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
	Chapter 1: Equations of State
		1.1 Preview
		1.2 Ideal Gas Law
		1.3 Ideal Gas Law Applications
		1.4 Lee/Kessler Charts
		1.5 Cubic Equations of State
			1.5.1 Van der Waal
			1.5.2 Redlich-Kwong
			1.5.3 Acentric Factor
			1.5.4 Redlich-Kwong-Soave
		1.6 Examples and Problems
			1.6.1 Examples
			1.6.2 Problems
		Appendix 1.1: Table of Ideal Gas Constants
		Appendix 1.2: Lee/Kessler Chart (website)
		Appendix 1.3: Virial Equations of State (website)
		Appendix 1.4: EOS (website)
		References
	Chapter 2: Heat and Work
		2.1 Preview
		2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
		2.3 Specific Heat, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy
		2.4 Polytropic Processes and Work
		2.5 Examples and Problems
			2.5.1 Examples
			2.5.2 Problems
		References
	Chapter 3: First Law of Thermodynamics
		3.1 Preview
		3.2 Linear Interpolation
		3.3 Using Thermodynamic Tables or NIST Chemistry Webbook
		3.4 Conservation of Mass
		3.5 First Law
			3.5.1 Control Volumes
			3.5.2 Closed Systems
		3.6 First Law, Open System
		3.7 Engineering Devices
		3.8 Cycles
		3.9 Rankine Cycle
		3.10 Problem Solving Procedure for Thermodynamics Problems
		3.11 Examples and Problems
			3.11.1 Examples
			3.11.2 Problems
		Appendix 3.1: Rankine Cycle Worksheet
		Appendix 3.2: Linear Interpolation (website)
		References
	Chapter 4: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
		4.1 Preview
		4.2 Reversible and Irreversible Systems
		4.3 Carnot Heat Engine and Carnot Heat Pump
		4.4 Clausius Inequality
			4.4.1 Reversible Heat Engines
			4.4.2 Irreversible Heat Engines
		4.5 Definition of Entropy, Entropy as a State Function, and Area under T Vs. Ds Graphs
			4.5.1 Definition of Entropy
			4.5.2 Entropy as State Function
			4.5.3 Graph of T Versus S
		4.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics
		4.7 Entropy of Solids and Liquids
		4.8 Entropy of Gases
			4.8.1 Entropy of an Ideal, Perfect Gas
			4.8.2 Entropy Change of an Ideal, Non-Perfect Gas
		4.9 Engineering Efficiency
			4.9.1 Engineering Devices for Work out
			4.9.2 Engineering Device for Work in
		4.10 Examples and Problems
			4.10.1 Examples
			4.10.2 Problems
		References
	Chapter 5: Various Heat Engines and Refrigeration Cycles
		5.1 Preview
		5.2 Vapor Phase Cycles
			5.2.1 Improvements to Rankine Cycle
			5.2.2 Effects of Engineering Efficiency on Overall Thermal Efficiency
			5.2.3 Reverse Rankine Cycle
		5.3 Gas Cycles
			5.3.1 Brayton Cycle
			5.3.2 Reverse Brayton Cycle
		5.4 Examples and Problems
			5.4.1 Problems
		Appendix 5.1: Rankine Cycle Worksheet (website)
		Appendix 5.2: Reverse Rankine Cycle Worksheet (website)
		Appendix 5.3: Brayton Cycle Worksheet (website)
		References
	Chapter 6: Thermodynamic Properties and Gas Mixtures
		6.1 Preview
		6.2 Maxwell’s Equations
		6.3 Enthalpy and Entropy as Functions of T and P
			6.3.1 Enthalpy and Entropy Functions for Ideal, Perfect Gases
			6.3.2 Enthalpy and Entropy Functions for Van der Waal Gas
		6.4 Composition of Mixtures
			6.4.1 Molar Basis
			6.4.2 Mass Basis
		6.5 Gas Mixtures, Part I
			6.5.1 Ideal Gas Mixtures
			6.5.2 Kay’s Rule
		6.6 Gas Mixtures, Part II
		6.7 Examples and Problems
			6.7.1 Examples
			6.7.2 Problems
		Appendix 6.1: Thermodynamic Relationships
		References
Part II: Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics
	Chapter 7: Conservation Principles for a Gaseous System, Part I
		7.1 Preview
		7.2 Conservation Principles
			7.2.1 Conservation of Energy
			7.2.2 Conservation of Mass
			7.2.3 Conservation of Momentum
		7.3 Speed of Sound
			7.3.1 Speed of Sound in an Ideal Gas
			7.3.2 Speed of Sound in Liquids and Solids
		7.4 Normal Shocks
		7.5 Examples & Problems
			7.5.1 Examples
			7.5.2 Problems
		Appendix 7.1: Moving Shock Wave Frame of Reference
		Appendix 7.2: Moving Shock Wave Frame of Reference
		References
	Chapter 8: Conservation Principles for a Gaseous System, Part II
		8.1 Preview
		8.2 More General Conservation Principles for Detonations
			8.2.1 Conservation of Mass
			8.2.2 Conservation of Momentum
			8.2.3 Conservation of Energy
			8.2.4 Conservation of Energy for Detonation System
		8.3 Reversible, Adiabatic (Isentropic) Compressible Flow
		8.4 Mass Transfer
			8.4.1 Fick’s Law and Species Conservation Principles
			8.4.2 Understanding Diffusion from Kinetic Theory of Gases
		8.5 More General Conservation Principles for Premixed Laminar Flames
			8.5.1 Conservation of Mass
			8.5.2 Conservation of Momentum
			8.5.3 Conservation of Energy
		8.6 More General Conservation Principles for a Non-premixed Laminar Flame
			8.6.1 Conservation of Mass
			8.6.2 Conservation of Momentum
			8.6.3 Conservation of Energy
		8.7 Problems
		References
	Chapter 9: Critical Flow
		9.1 Preview
		9.2 Effect of Area Changes on Gas Dynamic States
		9.3 Ideal Gas
		9.4 Van der Waal Gas
		9.5 Liquid/Gas Flows
		9.6 Speed of Sound in a Two-Phase Flow
		9.7 Critical Flow for a Two-Phase Flow System
		9.8 Problems
		Appendix 9.1: Critical Flow, Ideal Gas (website)
		Appendix 9.2: Speed of Sound in a Two-Phase Flow (website)
		Appendix 9.3: Omega Method (website)
		References
Part III: Fundamentals of Combustion
	Chapter 10: Physically Based Combustion
		10.1 Preview
		10.2 Standard Rankine-Hugoniot Theory
			10.2.1 Deriving the Rankine Line
			10.2.2 Mass Flux
			10.2.3 Derivation for −∆KE
			10.2.4 Deriving the Hugoniot Curve
			10.2.5 Delineating Combustion Regions
		10.3 Chapman-Jouget (CJ) Point for Standard RH System
			10.3.1 Derivation for X(cj)
			10.3.2 Derivation for Ma(cj)
		10.4 Partially Complete Reactions
		10.5 Fay’s System and RH Theory
			10.5.1 Rankine Line
			10.5.2 Mass Flux
			10.5.3 Deriving Hugoniot Curve
		10.6 Determination of States to Include Ma(cj)
			10.6.1 Determination of States without Thermodynamic Changes (Coleman)
			10.6.2 Determination of States with Thermodynamic Changes (Adamson)
			10.6.3 Ma(cj) for a Detonation System with and without Area Divergence
		10.7 Problems
		Appendix 10.1: Derivation for Eq. 10.100
		Appendix 10.2: More Exact Solution for CJ Conditions
		Appendix 10.3: Standard Rankine-Hugoniot Worksheet (website)
		Appendix 10.4: Partially Combusted Rankine-Hugoniot Worksheet (website)
		Appendix 10.5: Ma(cj) Worksheet (website)
		References
	Chapter 11: Combustion Chemistry
		11.1 Preview
		11.2 Stoichiometry
		11.3 Enthalpy (Revisited)
			11.3.1 Sensible Enthalpy
			11.3.2 Latent Enthalpy
			11.3.3 Enthalpy of Formation
		11.4 Chemical Equilibrium
			11.4.1 Gibb’s Free Energy and Chemical Potential
			11.4.2 Chemical Reactions
			11.4.3 Chemical Reactions and Gibb’s Free Energy
			11.4.4 Fugacity
			11.4.5 Chemical Equilibrium Constant
		11.5 Chemical Kinetics
			11.5.1 Reaction Fundamentals
			11.5.2 Chemical Kinetic Complexity
			11.5.3 Temperature Effects on Reaction Rates
		11.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
			11.6.1 Complete Reaction
			11.6.2 Incomplete Reactions
		11.7 Problems
		Appendix 11.1: Chemical Equilibrium (website)
		Appendix 11.2: Chemical Kinetics (website)
		References
	Chapter 12: Deflagration
		12.1 Preview
		12.2 Qualitative Differences Between Various Combustion Phenomena
		12.3 Premixed Deflagration (Laminar Flames)
			12.3.1 Mallard and Le Chatelier’s Laminar Flame Speed
			12.3.2 Spalding’s Laminar Flame Speed Theory
			12.3.3 Metghalachi and Keck’s Correlations for Laminar Flame Speed
		12.4 Non-premixed Deflagration (Diffusion Flames)
			12.4.1 Reacting, Constant Density Laminar Jet Flow (Burke and Schumann)
			12.4.2 Reacting, Buoyant Laminar Jet Flow (Roper)
		12.5 Problems
		Appendix 12.1: Laminar Flame Speed (website)
		Appendix 12.2: Laminar Flame Speed Correlations (website)
		Appendix 12.3: Burke and Schumann’s Model (website)
		Appendix 12.4: Roper’s Model (website)
		References
	Chapter 13: Detonations
		13.1 Preview
		13.2 Constant Volume Combustion
		13.3 Constant Pressure Combustion
		13.4 Illustrated Example
		13.5 Dynamic Detonation Models
			13.5.1 Introduction
			13.5.2 Reaction Rates
			13.5.3 Derivation of Dynamic Detonation Model
			13.5.4 Dynamic Detonation Model with Single Reaction
			13.5.5 Dynamic Detonation Model with Double Reactions
		13.6 Detonation Structures
		13.7 Problems
		Appendix 13.1: Illustrated Example (website)
		Appendix 13.2: Dynamic Detonation Model – One Step Model (website)
		References
	Chapter 14: Blast Waves
		14.1 Preview
		14.2 Euler’s Reactive Flow Equations
		14.3 G.I. Taylor’s Blast Theory (G.I. Taylor)
			14.3.1 Overview
			14.3.2 Similarity Arguments
			14.3.3 Numerical Solutions
			14.3.4 Approximate Forms
			14.3.5 Energy Released
		14.4 More General Theory (JHS Lee)
			14.4.1 Reduced Forms
			14.4.2 Numerical Solutions
		14.5 Illustrated Example (Explosions Associated with Rotating Stars)
			14.5.1 Reduce Form
			14.5.2 Numerical Solutions
			14.5.3 Approximate Forms
		14.6 Problems
		Appendix 14.1: Similarity Arguments (website)
		Appendix 14.2: GI Taylor’s Work (website)
		Appendix 14.3: JHS Lee’s Work (website)
		Appendix 14.4: Fisk, Tjandra and Vaughan’s Work (website)
		References
Index