Thermal Evaluation of Indoor Climate and Energy Storage in Buildings

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Advanced Building Materials
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Brief History of Building Materials
	1.2 Different Factors for Consideration in the Selection of Building Materials
		1.2.1 Climatic Conditions
		1.2.2 Strength and Durability
		1.2.3 Thermal Capabilities and Availability
		1.2.4 Moisture and Fire Resistance
		1.2.5 Maintenance and Cost Effectiveness
		1.2.6 Sustainability and Aesthetics
	1.3 Ancient Building Materials
		1.3.1 Stone
		1.3.2 Clay
		1.3.3 Granite
		1.3.4 Lime
		1.3.5 Basalt
		1.3.6 Wood
		1.3.7 Bamboo
		1.3.8 Thatch
		1.3.9 Adobe
	1.4 Conventional Building Materials
		1.4.1 Concrete-Based Materials
		1.4.2 Steel-Reinforced Concrete
		1.4.3 Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
		1.4.4 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
		1.4.5 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
		1.4.6 Steel
		1.4.7 Brick
		1.4.8 Glass
		1.4.9 Wood
	1.5 Advanced Building Materials
		1.5.1 High-Performance Concrete
		1.5.2 Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
		1.5.3 Self-Healing Concrete
		1.5.4 Flexible Concrete
		1.5.5 Insulated Concrete Forms
		1.5.6 Digital Concrete
		1.5.7 Light-Emitting Concrete
		1.5.8 Bio-Cementation
		1.5.9 Recycled Materials
	References
Chapter 2 Advances in Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Heat Transfer in Building Envelopes
		2.1.2 Classification of TES Systems
	2.2 Types of Thermal Energy Storage
		2.2.1 Sensible Heat Storage in Buildings
		2.2.2 Latent Heat Storage in Buildings
		2.2.3 Thermochemical Storage in Buildings
	2.3 TES Methods and their Application in Buildings
		2.3.1 Passive Storage Techniques
		2.3.2 Active Storage Techniques
	2.4 Advantages and Challenges of TES
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 Progress in Ventilated Walls and Double-Skin Facades for Sustainability
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Challenges and Mitigation
	3.3 Energy-Efficient Houses
	3.4 Developing Energy-Efficient Houses and Buildings with Walls
	3.5 Eco-Friendly Living Practices
	3.6 Energy-Efficient Structures with Global Coverage
	3.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 4 Building-Integrated Greenery Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Why Plants?
	4.3 Advantages of Integrated Greenery Systems
	4.4 Different Ways of Integrating Greenery Systems within Buildings
		4.4.1 Green Roofs
		4.4.2 Green Walls
		4.4.3 Green Facades
		4.4.4 Indoor Plants
		4.4.5 Biophilic Design
		4.4.6 Green Atriums
		4.4.7 Vertical Greenery Systems
	References
Chapter 5 Bioclimatic Building Technology
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Basic Concept of Bioclimatic Building Technology
	5.3 Thermal Load
		5.3.1 Improvements in the Building Materials and Design
		5.3.2 Modifications in the Building Features
		5.3.3 Heat Recovery Systems
	5.4 Bioclimatic Building Technologies
		5.4.1 Comfort Zone and Permissible Comfort Zone
		5.4.2 Heating Internal Gains
		5.4.3 Passive Solar Heating
		5.4.4 Passive Solar Cooling
		5.4.5 Cooling with Thermal Mass
		5.4.6 Evaporative Cooling
		5.4.7 Cooling through Ventilation
		5.4.8 Active Solar Devices
	5.5 Recent Approaches to Bioclimatic Architecture
		5.5.1 Adoption of Vernacular Architecture
		5.5.2 Inclusion of Bioclimatic Architecture in Urban Planning
		5.5.3 Renewable Energy Integration
		5.5.4 Water Conservation and Rainwater Harvesting
		5.5.5 Green Building Materials
		5.5.6 Building Performance Monitoring and Optimization
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6 Responsive Building Components and Systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Adaptive Facades
	6.3 Insulation Materials
		6.3.1 Cellulose Insulation
		6.3.2 Recycled Denim Insulation
		6.3.3 Wool Insulation
		6.3.4 Hemp Insulation
		6.3.5 Cork Insulation
		6.3.6 Polyurethane Foam Insulation
	6.4 Phase Change Materials
		6.4.1 Thermal Energy Storage
		6.4.2 Passive Cooling
		6.4.3 Radiant Heating and Cooling
		6.4.4 Building Envelope
		6.4.5 Solar Thermal Storage
	6.5 Recycled Materials
		6.5.1 Recycled Steel
		6.5.2 Recycled Concrete
		6.5.3 Reclaimed Wood
		6.5.4 Recycled Glass
		6.5.5 Recycled Insulation
		6.5.6 Recycled Plastic
	6.6 Sustainable Wood Products
		6.6.1 Certified Wood
		6.6.2 Reclaimed Wood
		6.6.3 Engineered Wood
		6.6.4 Bamboo and Cork
	6.7 Glass-Based Materials
		6.7.1 Smart Glazing with Micro-Mirrors
		6.7.2 Low-Emissivity Windows
		6.7.3 Glass Fiber Panels
	6.8 Smart Glass
	6.9 Water-Efficient Fixtures
		6.9.1 Low-Flow Toilets
		6.9.2 Low-Flow Showerheads
		6.9.3 Faucet Aerators and Waterless Urinals
		6.9.4 Greywater Systems
	6.10 Energy-Efficient Lighting
		6.10.1 LED and Task Lighting
		6.10.2 Occupancy and Daylight Sensors
		6.10.3 Light Shelves
	6.11 Solar Panels
		6.11.1 Rooftop Solar Panels
		6.11.2 Solar Water and Air Heaters
		6.11.3 Solar Shading Systems
	6.12 Smart Lighting
		6.12.1 Motion and Light Sensors
		6.12.2 Timer and Networked Lighting Controls
		6.12.3 Daylight Harvesting and Personalized Lighting
	6.13 Green Roofing
		6.13.1 Vegetative and Cool Roofs
		6.13.2 Solar and Blue Roofs
		6.13.3 Rooftop Gardens
	6.14 Smart HVAC Systems
		6.14.1 Energy-Efficient Equipment and Smart Controls
		6.14.2 Zoning and Demand-Controlled Ventilation
		6.14.3 Heat Recovery Systems and Renewable Energy Integration
	6.15 Radiant Heating and Cooling
		6.15.1 Radiant Floor Heating and Ceiling Panels
		6.15.2 Chilled Beams and Radiant Walls
		6.15.3 Geothermal and Solar Radiant Systems
	6.16 Smart Thermostats
	6.17 Ventilation Systems
		6.17.1 Designing for Prevailing Winds
		6.17.2 Using Operable Windows, Vents and Thermal
 Mass
		6.17.3 Using Shading and Natural Vegetation
		6.17.4 Considering Indoor Air Quality
		6.17.5 Living Walls
		6.17.6 Earth Tubes and Solar Chimneys
	References
Chapter 7 Energy Storage in Building Components
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Need for Energy Storage Systems
	7.3 Thermal Energy Storage
		7.3.1 Sensible Heat Storage
		7.3.2 Latent Heat Storage
		7.3.3 Phase Change Materials
	7.4 Building-Integrated Energy Storage
	7.5 Direct Incorporation
	7.6 Shape Stabilization
	7.7 Encapsulation
		7.7.1 Macroencapsulation
		7.7.2 Microencapsulation
	7.8 Geothermal Energy Storage
		7.8.1 Geothermal Heat Pumps
	7.9 Chemical Energy Storage
		7.9.1 Battery Storage
	7.10 Mechanical Energy Storage
	References
Chapter 8 Passive and Active Exploitation of Renewable Energy
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Renewable Energies for Buildings
	8.3 Solar Energy
		8.3.1 Passive Use
		8.3.2 Active Use
	8.4 Wind Energy
		8.4.1 Passive Use
		8.4.2 Active Use
	8.5 Geothermal Energy
		8.5.1 Passive Use
		8.5.2 Active Use
	8.6 Biomass Energy
		8.6.1 Passive Use
		8.6.2 Active Use
	8.7 Hydrogen Energy
		8.7.1 Passive Use
		8.7.2 Active Use
	References
Chapter 9 Emerging Technologies for HVAC System Efficiency
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 System Description
	9.3 Emerging Technologies to Enhance Cooling Potential
	9.4 Comparison between Desiccant Cooling and Traditional Cooling
	9.5 Opportunities and Future Scope
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Resource-Efficient Urban Systems Aimed at Facing Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) and Local Climate Change
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Concept of UHIs
	10.3 UHIs and Global Warming
	10.4 Causes of UHIs
		10.4.1 Thermal Capacity and Urban Geometry
		10.4.2 Sky View Factor (SVF)
		10.4.3 Albedo and Effective Albedo
		10.4.4 Bowen Ratio
		10.4.5 Anthropogenic Heat
	10.5 Techniques to Measure Controlling Factors of UHIs
	10.6 Impact of UHIs
		10.6.1 Impact of UHIs on Local Climate
		10.6.2 Impact of UHIs on Ambient Temperature
		10.6.3 Impact of UHIs on Pollution
		10.6.4 Impact of UHIs on Photochemistry
		10.6.5 Energy Impact of UHIs
		10.6.6 Energy Impact of UHIs on Local Climate Change
		10.6.7 Impact UHI, Health, Comfort, and Economy
	10.7 Mitigating the Urban Heat Island
		10.7.1 Development of Reflective Materials
		10.7.2 Development of Cool Roof Technologies
		10.7.3 Development of Cool Pavement Technologies
		10.7.4 Greening the Urban Environment, the Impact of Trees in the City
		10.7.5 Actual Development of Green Roof Technologies
		10.7.6 Mitigation of UHI Effects to Save Energy
		10.7.7 Other Mitigation Technologies
	10.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11 Well-Being, Thermal Comfort, and Environmental Liveability: Adaptation Studies
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Thermal Comfort
		11.2.1 Metabolism
		11.2.2 Neutral Condition
	11.3 Heat Balance Equation for a Human Body
	11.4 Thermoregulatory System
		11.4.1 Case 1. When the Environment Is Colder than the Neutral Zone
		11.4.2 Case 2. When the Environment Is Hotter than the Neutral Zone
	11.5 Factor Affecting Thermal Comfort
		11.5.1 Physiological Factors
		11.5.2 Insulating Factors due to Clothing
		11.5.3 Environmental Factors
	11.6 Indoor Environment Quality
		11.6.1 Light
		11.6.2 Temperature
		11.6.3 Sound
		11.6.4 Design Quality
	11.7 Application of Comfort Equation
	11.8 Comfort Indices
		11.8.1 Globe Temperature (Tg)
		11.8.2 Effective Temperature (ET)
		11.8.3 Operative Temperature (Top)
		11.8.4 The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
		11.8.5 The Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)
		11.8.6 Skin Wettedness (w)
	11.9 Local Thermal Discomfort
		11.9.1 “Neutral” but Uncomfortable
		11.9.2 Body Maps, Local Thermal Sensation, and Sweating
		11.9.3 Local Thermal Discomfort Caused by Draughts
		11.9.4 Local Thermal Discomfort Caused by Radiation
		11.9.5 Local Thermal Discomfort Caused by Vertical Temperature Differences
		11.9.6 Local Thermal Discomfort Caused by Warm and Cold Floors
	11.10 Adaptive Thermal Comfort
		11.10.1 Biological Adaptation
		11.10.2 Human Adaptation
		11.10.3 Adaptive Models and Thermal Comfort
		11.10.4 Adaptive Thermal Comfort Regression Models
		11.10.5 Adaptive Models that Modify the PMV Index
	11.11 ASHRAE Comfort Chart
	11.12 Thermal Environment in Planes, Trains, Automobiles, Outdoors, in Space, and under Pressure
		11.12.1 Thermal Environment in Automobiles
		11.12.2 Thermal Environment on Train Journeys
		11.12.3 Thermal Environment on Aeroplanes
		11.12.4 Thermal Environment in Space Vehicles
		11.12.5 Outdoor Thermal Environment
		11.12.6 Thermal Environment in Hyperbaric Environments
		11.12.7 Thermal Environment on Mountains
	11.13 Thermal Comfort and Sex, Age, and for People with Disabilities
		11.13.1 Thermal Comfort and Sex
		11.13.2 Thermal Comfort and Age
		11.13.3 People with Disabilities
	11.14 Thermal Comfort and Human Performance
		11.14.1 The HSDC Method
		11.14.2 The ISO Standards Initiative
	11.15 International Standards
		11.15.1 Building Envelope for Comfort of Occupants
	References
Index