Therapeutic Exercise for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: A Comprehensive Clinical Strategy for Preventing and Reversing Neurodegeneration

Preface
Ethics Approval and Rights
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Exploring and Diving Deeper into Parkinson’s Disease Mechanisms
	Neurodegenerative Diseases
	Parkinson’s Disease
	Physiopathology
		Protective and Risk Factors
			Exposure to Toxins Such as Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Monoxide, and 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3- and 6-Tetrahydropyridine
			The Long-Term Use of Drugs Like Reserpine, Phenothiazines, Tetrabenazine, Butyrophenones, and Metoclopramide
			Traumatic Brain Injuries
			Cerebrovascular Accidents
			Wilson’s Disease
			Huntington’s Disease
			Multiple System Atrophies (MSA)
			Suffering from Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
			Alterations in Certain Genes
			Having an Infection Caused by the Hepatitis C Virus
			Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis
			Age
			Gender
			Exposure to Pesticides
			Residing in Rural Areas
			Daily Consumption of Dairy Products
			Individuals with a Family or Personal History of Melanoma
			The Effects of Coffee Consumption
			Blood Urea Level
			Daily Exercise
			The Consumption of a Mediterranean Diet
			The Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
		Signs and Symptoms
			Motor Symptoms and Signs
			Non-motor Symptoms and Signs
	References
Chapter 2: Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Control
	References
Chapter 3: The Influence of Therapeutic Exercise
	Increased Range of Motion (ROM)
	Improve Passive and Active Joint Mobility
	Proprioceptive and Balance and Stability Improvement
	Increased Walking Speed and Stride Length; Reduced Freezing of Gait Episodes
	Increased Reaction Speed
	Better Activation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Pathways During Endurance Exercise, Which Reduces Autophagy and Activates MTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) Pathways
	Enhanced Dopaminergic Function, Which Increases Dopamine Activity in the Brain
	Low Scores on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
	Preventing and Reducing the Risk of Falls
	Reduced Dependency and Increased Patient Functionality
	Improving Transfers
	Improve Cognitive Abilities
	Increase in Neural Activity and Brain Volume
	Regulation of Neurotrophic Factors Responsible for Neuronal Proliferation and Survival
	References
Chapter 4: Guidelines for Safe Training
	Consider the Pharmacological Interaction
		Other Pharmacotherapeutic Agents Used
		Experimental Stage Drugs
	Beware of Deficits in Dynamic and Static Stability
		Therapeutic Objectives to Improve Dynamic and Static Stability
			To Improve Static Stability in the Bipedal Stance Through Sensorimotor and/or Proprioceptive Exercises
			To Improve Anticipatory Responses and Postural Adjustments Before Starting to Walk
			Contribute to the Improvement of Dynamic Stability When Walking or Changing Direction
			To Contribute to the Improvement of Gait Phase Changes
			To Improve Postural Alignment
			To Increase Axial Tone (Muscles and Soft Tissues of the Head, Neck, and Trunk)
			To Reduce Muscle Hypotonia to Improve Dynamic and Static Stability
			To Incorporate Training Methods and Devices That Stimulate Muscle Coactivation
	References
Chapter 5: Guide to Effective and Efficient Training
	Enhance Therapeutic Exercises with the Motor-Cognitive Dual-Task Training Method
	Prescribing Exercises to Enhance Active Transfers
	Other Points to Consider When Prescribing Exercise for Parkinson’s Patients
	References
Chapter 6: Conventional Therapeutic Exercises: Explanation, Examples, Effects and Dosage
	Physical Activity
		Effects of Physical Activity
		Methods and Means for PA Practice
			High-Intensity Treadmill Training (HITT)
				Examples of HITT
			Perturbed Treadmill Training
				Examples of Perturbed Treadmill Exercises
			Aquatic or Suspension Treadmill Training
			Other Treadmill Training Methods
	Occupational Therapy
		Effects of Occupational Therapy
		Exercises, Programs, and Dosage
			REHACOP (Rehabilitation Cognitivity Program for Psychosis)
			Sensory Stimulation Using Cues Combined with Electrotherapy and Proprioception Exercises
			Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Alongside Occupational Therapy
				Quantitative Parameters of tDCS
			Hand and Forearm Writing and Muscle-Strengthening Exercises
				Exercises for Improving Grip Strength
				Exerciser for Finger Extensor Muscles
				Farmer’s Walk (Fig. 6.20)
			Physical and Occupational Therapy
				Example of a Therapeutic Protocol (Table 6.4)
			Dance
			Virtual Reality Training
			Virtual Training Sessions
			Hatha Yoga
			Exercise Through Mobile Applications
			Muscular Strength Training with Free Weights Combined with Exercises to Activate Mitochondrial Oxidative Pathways
	Muscle Electrostimulation
		Effects of Muscle Electrostimulation
		Examples of Some Exercises Used in Active and Passive Muscle Electrostimulation
			Active Biceps ME
			Passive Respiratory ME
	Speech and Language Therapy
		Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)
		Breathing Reeducation
			Breathing Reeducation Exercises
				Exercises with the EMST Device
				Instructions for Use EMST Device
				Forced Exhalation Technique with Open Glottis
			Technique Instructions
				Cough-Directed Exercises
			Technique Instructions (see Fig. 6.24)
				Global Mobilization of the Rib Cage
		Video-Assisted Swallowing Therapy—VAST
		Music Therapy
			Effects of Music Therapy
			Dosage
	Reality Orientation Therapy
		Effects of ROT
		Dosage
	References
Chapter 7: Nonconventional Therapeutic Exercises: Explanation, Examples, Effects, and Dosage
	Cueing Exercises
		Effects of Cueing
		Dosage
		Cueing Exercises
	Qigong Exercises
		Effects of Qigong on the Control of Motor Symptoms
		Effects of Qigong on the Control of Non-motor Symptoms
		Dosage
		Qigong Exercises
	Tai Chi exercises
		Effects of Tai Chi on the Control of Motor Symptoms
		Effects of Tai Chi on Non-motor Symptom Control
		Dosage
		Tai Chi Exercises
	Virtual Reality Training
		Effects of Virtual Reality Training
		Dosage
	Gait Training with Obstacles
		Effects of Gait Training with Obstacles
		Dosage
		Examples Protocols
			Proposal by Jeong and Koo [9]
			Proposal by Maeda et al. [10]
	Exergames Therapy
		Effects of Exergames Therapy
		Dosage
	Other Therapeutic Exercises
	Summary
		Summary Table of Proposed Methods
	References
Chapter 8: Mastering the Science of Training Program Development
	Training Plan Proposal Based on the ATR Model (Accumulation, Transformation, and Realization)
		ATR Model
			Principles of Block Periodization with the ATR Model
			Directions of Training
			Training Effects
			Training Levels for Each ATR Cycle
			Levels of Temporal Organization in Training Planning
			Planning Structure
	Format and Example of Training Planning for Parkinson’s Patients
	References
Glossary
Bibliography
Index