Therapeutic Applications of Honey and its Phytochemicals, Volume II

Foreword
Contents
About the Editors
1: Molecular Mechanistic Approach of Important Antileukemic Compounds Present in Honey
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Leukemias
	1.3 Anticancer Compounds in Honey
	1.4 Honey in Other Cancers
	1.5 Honey in Leukemia
	1.6 Kaempferol
	1.7 Quercitin
	1.8 Chrysin
	1.9 Galangin
	1.10 Apigenin
	1.11 Hesperidin
	1.12 Caffeic Acid Phenylethyl Ester (CAPE)
	1.13 Conclusion
	References
2: Possible Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids from Honey in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases Via Ta...
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Age-Related Neurodegenerative Pathologies (ANP)
		2.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
		2.2.2 Parkinson´s Disease
		2.2.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
	2.3 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+): A Key Metabolic Regulator
		2.3.1 NAD+ Concentration in Cells
		2.3.2 Biosynthesis of NAD+
		2.3.3 Catabolism of NAD+
			2.3.3.1 Sirtuins
			2.3.3.2 PARPs
			2.3.3.3 CD38
			2.3.3.4 SARM1
		2.3.4 Neurodegenerative Disease and NAD+
	2.4 Honey and Its Components
		2.4.1 Medicinal Importance of Honey as Neuroprotective Gel
	2.5 Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Honey Preventing Neurodegeneration by NAD+ Pathway
	2.6 Future Prospective
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3: Neuroprotective Effects of Honey: A Mechanistic View
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Chemical Composition of Honey
	3.3 Honey and Oxidative Stress
	3.4 Honey and Neurotoxicity
	3.5 Honey and Neurodegeneration
	3.6 Novel Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds with Neuroprotective Potential
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4: Molecular Mechanisms of Phytochemicals from Honey in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Honey and Its Composition
	4.3 Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Phytochemicals from Honey
	4.4 Anticancer Mechanism of Action of Honey
	4.5 Anticancer Effect of Honey Via Modulation of Signalling Pathway
		4.5.1 Anticancer Activity of Honey by Interfering with Oxidative Stress (Antioxidant)
		4.5.2 Anticancer Effects of Honey on Cell Proliferation
		4.5.3 Anticancer Activity of Honey by Modulating Inflammatory Pathways
		4.5.4 Anticancer Effect of Honey Via Regulating Angiogenesis
		4.5.5 Anticancer Effect of Honey on Immunity
		4.5.6 Anticancer Activity of Honey on Telomerase
		4.5.7 Anticancer Activity of Honey by Causing Apoptosis
		4.5.8 Antimutagenic Effect of Honey on Different Cancers
	4.6 Effect of Honey on Different Carcinomas
		4.6.1 Effect of Honey on Leukaemia
		4.6.2 Effect of Honey on Breast Cancer
		4.6.3 Effect of Honey on Gastrointestinal Carcinomas
		4.6.4 Effect of Honey on Oral Cancer
		4.6.5 Effect of Honey on Prostate Cancer
	4.7 Clinical Trials
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
5: An Assay on Mechanisms of the Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Honey
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Diagnosis
		5.1.2 Physiology
		5.1.3 Prevalence and Incidence
		5.1.4 Prognosis and Etiological Causes
		5.1.5 Pathogenesis
	5.2 Factors Affecting the Progression of Fibrosis
		5.2.1 Extracellular Factors
		5.2.2 Growth Factors
		5.2.3 Broad Range of Proteins/Peptides
		5.2.4 Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
		5.2.5 Intracellular Factors
		5.2.6 Nuclear Receptors
		5.2.7 Multiple Kinases
		5.2.8 Galectin-3/Lysyl Oxidase Homolog 2 (LOXL2)/Oxygen Species (ROS)
	5.3 A Honey Boon for a Human Being
	5.4 Adulteration of Honey
		5.4.1 Indirect
		5.4.2 Direct
	5.5 The Pharmacological Effect of Honey
		5.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
		5.5.2 Antimicrobial Property
		5.5.3 Antibacterial Property
		5.5.4 Antiviral Property
		5.5.5 Anticancer
		5.5.6 Anti-Inflammatory/Immunomodulatory Activities
		5.5.7 Wound Healing
		5.5.8 Antidiabetic
		5.5.9 Neuroprotective
		5.5.10 Cardioprotective
		5.5.11 Anti-asthmatic
	5.6 Pharmacokinetics of Honey
	5.7 Possible Mechanisms of Honey and Its Components as Anti-fibrotic Agent
	5.8 Future Prospective
	References
6: A Mechanistic Perspective on Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Honey
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Phytochemicals in Honey
		6.2.1 Wound Healing Effect
		6.2.2 Anti-Microbial Effect
		6.2.3 Anti-Diabetic Effect
		6.2.4 Anti-Inflammatory Effect
		6.2.5 Anti-Oxidant Effect
		6.2.6 Immunoprotective Effect
		6.2.7 Respiratory Effect
		6.2.8 Chemopreventive Effect
			6.2.8.1 Cardioprotective Effect
		6.2.9 Anti-Cancer Effect
		6.2.10 Gastroprotective Effect
		6.2.11 Effect on Gut Microbiota
		6.2.12 Neuroprotective Effect
		6.2.13 Nephroprotective Effect
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7: Phytochemicals from Honey as MAP-Kinase Inhibitors: Current Therapeutic Standing and Future Prospects
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Honey and Its Composition
	7.3 Phytochemicals from Honey and Their Antimitotic Potential
	7.4 Role of Different Polyphenolic Compounds of Honey in Cancer
		7.4.1 Caffeic Acid, Its Esters, and Their Role in Animal Models and Cancer
		7.4.2 Chrysin and Role of Chrysin By-Products in Cancer
		7.4.3 Role of Galangin in Leukemia
		7.4.4 Role of Quercetin in Cancer
		7.4.5 Role of Acacetin in Lung and Liver Cancer
		7.4.6 Role of Kaempferol in Lung Cancer and Leukemia
		7.4.7 Pinocembrin, Pinobanksin, and Apigenin with Emphasis on Their Role in Cancer
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8: Clinico-Pharmacological Perspective of Honey and Propolis
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Clinico-Pharmacological Perspective of Honey
		8.2.1 Honey in Gastrointestinal Disorders
		8.2.2 Honey in Neurological Disorders
		8.2.3 Honey in Diabetes
		8.2.4 Honey in Cancer
		8.2.5 Honey in Asthma
		8.2.6 Honey in Cardiovascular Disorders
		8.2.7 Honey in Wound Curing
		8.2.8 Honey in Ophthalmic Defects
		8.2.9 Honey in Cough
		8.2.10 Honey in Infertility
	8.3 Clinico-Pharmacological Perspective of Propolis
		8.3.1 Propolis in Tumor
		8.3.2 Propolis in Ulcers
		8.3.3 Propolis in Neurological Disorders
		8.3.4 Propolis in Chronic Periodontitis
		8.3.5 Propolis in Gastrointestinal Disorders
		8.3.6 Propolis in Wound Curing
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9: Scope of Honey in Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Disorders of Metabolism
		9.1.2 Diabetes Disorder
	9.2 Type 1 Diabetes
	9.3 Type 2 Diabetes
	9.4 Gestational Diabetes
	9.5 Other Types
	9.6 Characterization of Diabetes
	9.7 Honey and Its Importance in Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders
	9.8 Effect of Fructose and the Hypoglycaemic Effect of Honey
	9.9 Effect of Honey and Other Sugars on Diabetes: Human Clinical Trials
	9.10 Honey and Its Role in Diabetic Wound Healing
	9.11 Summary
	References
10: Honey and Its Molecular Pharmacology: An Essay
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Classification of Honey
		10.2.1 Granulated Honey
		10.2.2 Strained Honey
		10.2.3 Ultrasonicated honey
	10.3 Physical Properties
		10.3.1 Crystallization of Honey
	10.4 Honey: Its Composition and Physicochemical Properties
	10.5 Chemical Composition
		10.5.1 Enzymes and Organic Acids
		10.5.2 Phenolic Compounds
		10.5.3 Basic Structure of Flavonoid
	10.6 Cancer-Related Mechanistic Studies on Honey
	10.7 Cancer-Related Clinical Studies on Honey
	10.8 Honey and Its Antidiabetic Properties
	10.9 Cardiovascular Effects of Honey
	10.10 Neuropharmacological Effects of Honey
	10.11 Conclusion
	References
11: Therapeutic and Prophylactic Effects of Honey on Dermatitis and Related Disorders
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Typical Composition
	11.3 Types of Honey
	11.4 Sources of Honey
	11.5 Forms of Honey
	11.6 Honey Products
	11.7 Therapeutic and Medicinal Properties of Honey
	11.8 Skin Disorders
		11.8.1 Permanent Conditions
		11.8.2 Temporary Conditions
		11.8.3 Internal Conditions
		11.8.4 Age-Related Conditions
			11.8.4.1 In Children
				1. Hemangiomas
				2. Measles
				3. Impetigo
				4. Dermatomyositis
			11.8.4.2 In Adults
				Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
				Seborrheic Keratoses
				Age Spots
	11.9 Benefits of Honey on Skin
	11.10 Honey: A Candid Antimicrobial or Microbicide for Skin Disorders
	11.11 Honey: Effective Against Microbial Pathogenicity of Skin Relevant Microbes
	11.12 Honey: A Medicine for Dermatitis
	11.13 Honey, Olive Oil, and Beeswax: Its Topical Application in Diaper Dermatitis
	11.14 Honey and Seborrheic Dermatitis
	11.15 Honey: A Wound Healer
	11.16 Honey: Remedy in Skin Cancer
	11.17 Honey: Be Aware of Risks
	11.18 Conclusion
	References
12: Honey Intake and Risk of CVDs: A Mechanistic Disclosure
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Brief Idea About Composition of Honey (Al-Waili 2005)
	12.3 Role of Flavanoids in CVDs
	12.4 Cardiovascular Diseases
		12.4.1 Prevalence
		12.4.2 Types of CVDs
		12.4.3 Signs and Symptoms
		12.4.4 Aetiology and Contributing Factors
		12.4.5 Diagnostic Tests
		12.4.6 Treatment Options
	12.5 Molecular Mechanism of Cardiovascular Injury
	12.6 Protective Action of Honey in CVD
	12.7 Other Applications of Honey
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
13: Role of Phytochemicals from Honey in Prevention and Treatment of Arthritis and Related Disorders
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Constituents of Honey
	13.3 Role of Phytochemicals of Honey in Diseases
		13.3.1 Action of Honey Compounds on Arthritis
		13.3.2 Action of Honey on Osteoporosis
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14: Honey in Anticancer Drug Toxicity
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Chemotherapy-Induced Damages and Honey
	14.3 Honey and Its Components: Chemoprevention and Adjunct to Anticancer Drugs
	14.4 Role of Chrysin in Drug Toxicity
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
15: A Crosstalk Between Antiinflammatory and Wound-Healing Properties of Honey
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Wounds
		15.2.1 Process of Wound Healing
		15.2.2 Treatment Adopted and Drawbacks
		15.2.3 Natural Ingredients in Wound Healing
		15.2.4 Honey as a Traditional Medicine
		15.2.5 Honey and Wound Healing
		15.2.6 Effect on Proteins Involved in Tissue Rearrangement and Regeneration
	15.3 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
	15.4 Honey: A Healer in Diabetic Foot
		15.4.1 Drawback of MG
	15.5 Honey Hydrogels for Wound Dressing
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16: Phytochemicals from Honey: Novel Weapon for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancers
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Chemical and Structural Elucidation of Phytochemicals in Honey
	16.3 Therapeutic Properties of Honey
	16.4 Honey: A Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Agent
		16.4.1 Effects of Honey on Cell Cycle Arrest and Antiproliferative Activity
		16.4.2 Effects of Honey on Apoptosis
		16.4.3 Effects of Honey on Inflammation
		16.4.4 Effects of Honey on Modulation of Oxidative Stress
		16.4.5 Effects of Honey on the Insulin Signaling Pathway
		16.4.6 Effects of Honey on Angiogenesis
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
17: Beneficial Effects of Honey Flavonoids in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Update
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Pathophysiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
	17.3 Therapeutic Effects of Flavonoids
	17.4 Advantages of Honey Flavonoids
	17.5 Limitations of Honey Flavonoids
	17.6 Conclusion
	References
18: Honey Products and Their Potential in Wound Healing
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Types of Wounds
	18.3 Wound Dressing
	18.4 Physical Characterization of Wound Dressings
		18.4.1 Swelling Tests
		18.4.2 Fluid Handling Capacity
		18.4.3 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR)
		18.4.4 Thermal Studies
		18.4.5 Tensile Strength
		18.4.6 Compressive Tests
		18.4.7 Bioadhesive Strength
	18.5 Efficiency of Honey in Wound Care
		18.5.1 Antibacterial Effects
		18.5.2 Deodorizing Effects
		18.5.3 Antioxidant Effects
		18.5.4 Anti-inflammatory Effects
		18.5.5 Debridement Effects
		18.5.6 Antiviral Effects
		18.5.7 Antifungal Effects
	18.6 Clinical Applications
		18.6.1 Diabetic Foot Ulcer
		18.6.2 Postray Amputation
		18.6.3 Burns
		18.6.4 Nonhealing Wounds
		18.6.5 Pilonidal Sinus
		18.6.6 Venous Leg Ulcers
	18.7 Honey Formulations
		18.7.1 Hydrogel
		18.7.2 Electrospun Nanofibers
		18.7.3 Cryogels
		18.7.4 Honey-Impregnated Dressings
		18.7.5 Hydrocolloids
		18.7.6 Foam Dressing
	18.8 Conclusion
	References
19: Chrysin, an Important Active Ingredient of Honey: Beneficial Pharmacological Activities and Molecular Mechanism of Action
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Chemistry and Occurrence
	19.3 Pharmacological Activities
		19.3.1 Anticancer
		19.3.2 Neuroprotective
		19.3.3 Antidiabetic
		19.3.4 Antihyperlipidemic
		19.3.5 Anti-Inflammatory
		19.3.6 Hepatoprotective
		19.3.7 Reproductive
		19.3.8 Cardiovascular
		19.3.9 Antiallergic
		19.3.10 Anti-obesity
		19.3.11 Antioxidant
		19.3.12 Antimicrobial
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
20: Honey and Its Potential Antibreast-Cancer Properties: Mechanistic Insights
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Biology of Breast Cancer
	20.3 Chemical Constituents of Honey
	20.4 Bioavailability of Honey
	20.5 Honey in Breast Carcinogenesis
	20.6 Molecular Validation of Honey as a Potential Anticancer Agent in Breast Cancer
	20.7 Honey and Decreased Cell Viability and Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer
	20.8 Honey and Induction of Apoptosis in Breast Cancer
	20.9 Mechanism of Apoptosis
	20.10 Propapoptotic Proteins (Apaf-1, Caspase-9, and p53)
	20.11 Antiapoptotic Proteins (Bcl-xL 1)
	20.12 Honey and Decreased Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer
	20.13 Honey and Its Antiinflammatory (TNF-α, COX-2, PGE2, CRP) and Immunomodulatory Effects (IFN-γ, IFNGR1) in Breast Cancer
	20.14 Honey and Its Antiangiogenic Effect in Breast Cancer
	20.15 Honey and Its Antiinvasive and Antimetastatic Effect in Breast Cancer
	20.16 Honey Targeting IL-6/STAT3 Signaling in Breast Cancer
	20.17 Honey for Chemoprevention and as an Adjunct to Anticancer Drugs in Breast Cancer
	20.18 Conclusion
	References