Theranostic Iron-Oxide Based Nanoplatforms in Oncology: Synthesis, Metabolism, and Toxicity for Simultaneous Imaging and Therapy (Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction
	References
2 Drug Conjugation Chemistry in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)
	2.1 Covalent Drug-Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
		2.1.1 Amide Linkage Drug Conjugation
		2.1.2 Drug Conjugation with pH-Sensitive Bonding
		2.1.3 Drug Conjugation with Enzymatically Responsive Bonding
		2.1.4 Oxidation/Reduction Drug Conjugation
	2.2 Non-Covalent Drug-Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)
		2.2.1 Hydrophobic Drug Conjugation
		2.2.2 Drug Conjugation Using Electrostatics
		2.2.3 Drug Conjugation with Encapsulation
	References
3 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (SPION) Synthesis
	3.1 Physical Methods
		3.1.1 Deposition in the Gas Phase
		3.1.2 Lithography Using Electronic Beam
		3.1.3 Laser Ablation with Pulses
		3.1.4 Pyrolysis Caused by a Laser
		3.1.5 Strong Ball Milling
		3.1.6 Combustion
	3.2 Chemical Methods
		3.2.1 Chemical Coprecipitation Synthesis
		3.2.2 Thermolysis (Thermal Decomposition)
		3.2.3 Microemulsions
		3.2.4 Synthesis Using Hydrothermal Method
	3.3 Biological Approach
	References
4 Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)
	4.1 Structural Properties
		4.1.1 Colloidal Stability
		4.1.2 Shape and Size
		4.1.3 Charge of Surface
	4.2 Magnetic Properties
	4.3 Thermal Properties
	4.4 Optical Properties
		4.4.1 Fluorescence Techniques and Encapsulated IONPs
	References
5 Pharmacokinetics of IONPs
	5.1 Absorption/Uptake
		5.1.1 Size and Coating Material’s Impact on Absorption
		5.1.2 Charge’s Impact on Uptake and Absorption
		5.1.3 Uptake of IONPs in the Brain
	5.2 Distribution
		5.2.1 Iron and IONP Physicochemical Properties Affecting the Distribution
	5.3 Metabolism
	5.4 Affecting the Cell Physiology
		5.4.1 Influence on Cell Proliferation
		5.4.2 Effect on Stem Cell Differentiation
		5.4.3 Affects Cell Migration
	5.5 Excretion
	5.6 Regulation of Iron in Human
		5.6.1 Human Body’s Iron Flow
		5.6.2 The Liver Is the Main Organ for Iron Homeostasis
		5.6.3 Iron Regulation
		5.6.4 Macrophages Are in Charge of Iron Homeostasis
		5.6.5 Monocytes and the Iron Metabolism Process
		5.6.6 Iron-Related Infection and Immunity
	References
6 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
	6.1 Drug Delivery Systems with Stimuli-Responsiveness Through Ligand-Mediated MNPs
		6.1.1 Organic Ligands
		6.1.2 Inorganic Ligands
		6.1.3 Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Ligands
	6.2 The Most Common Methods for Synthesizing MNP-Based Drug Delivery Systems
		6.2.1 Thin Films Hydration
		6.2.2 Evaporation Emulsion
		6.2.3 Solvent Exchange
	References
7 IONPs-Based Treatment Methods
	7.1 Chemotherapy
	7.2 Stimuli-Responsive Delivery Nanoplatforms
		7.2.1 Endogenous Stimuli-Responsive Nanoplatforms
		7.2.2 Nanoplatforms That Deliver in Response to Exogenous Stimuli
		7.2.3 Delivery Platform with Dual-Stimuli Responsiveness
	7.3 Nanoplatforms with Receptor-Targeted IONPs
		7.3.1 Passive Targeting
		7.3.2 Active Targeting
	7.4 Biologically Based Treatment Plan
	7.5 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
		7.5.1 Current Restrictions on the Use of Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer
	7.6 Photothermal Therapy
	7.7 Magnetic Hyperthermia
		7.7.1 Magnetic Hyperthermia Principles and Clinical Application
		7.7.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia and MRI
		7.7.3 Effect of Particle Structure, Composition, and Aggregation on Magnetic Properties
		7.7.4 Multicomponent IONPs for Heating and Imaging
	7.8 Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT)
	7.9 Radiotherapy
		7.9.1 Radiotherapy and Real-Time Monitoring of Oxygen Delivery Nano-platforms
	7.10 Immunotherapy
	7.11 Gene Delivery
	References
8 Diagnosis
	8.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		8.1.1 Important Factors Improving the T2 Relaxivities of IONPs
		8.1.2 T1 CA with IONP
		8.1.3 Dual-Modal IONP-Based Imaging
		8.1.4 Responsive MRI CAs Based on IONP
		8.1.5 IONP Behavior Optimization in Vivo
		8.1.6 Greater Biocompatibility
	8.2 Imaging Using Computed Tomography (CT)
	8.3 Imaging with Ultrasound
	8.4 Radionuclides for SPECT and PET Imaging Diagnostics
		8.4.1 PET or Positron Emission Tomography
		8.4.2 SPECT, or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
	References
9 Biosensing
	9.1 Devices for Optical Biosensing
		9.1.1 Devices for Colorimetric Biosensing
		9.1.2 Devices for Fluorescent Biosensing
		9.1.3 Devices for Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing
		9.1.4 Devices for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensing
	9.2 Devices for Electrochemical Biosensing
		9.2.1 Devices for Potentiometric Biosensing
		9.2.2 Devices for Conductometric Biosensing
		9.2.3 Devices for Amperometric Biosensing
		9.2.4 Devices for Impedimetric Biosensing
	References
10 Bioassays Based on Magnetic Phenomena
	10.1 Bioassay Based on GMR
	10.2 Bioassay Based on MTJ
	10.3 Bioassay Based on MPS
	10.4 Bioassay Based on NMR
	References
11 Cytotoxicity/Toxicity
	11.1 Oxidative Stress
	11.2 Special Size/Shape Toxicity
	11.3 Accumulation at a Specific Site
	11.4 Results of Pulmonary Exposure
		11.4.1 Mechanisms
		11.4.2 Animal Studies
		11.4.3 Genotoxicity
	11.5 Human Studies
	References
12 Coatings
	12.1 Dextran
	12.2 PEG or Poly(Ethylene)glycol
	12.3 Silica
	12.4 PVA or Polyvinyl Alcohol
	12.5 Lipids
	12.6 Additional Coatings
	References
13 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Correction to: Theranostic Iron-Oxide Based Nanoplatforms in Oncology
	Correction to:  M. -N. Savari and A. Jabali, Theranostic Iron-Oxide Based Nanoplatforms in Oncology, Nanomedicine and  Nanotoxicology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6507-6