Theory and Practice in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

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Theory and Practice in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
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Preface
Nomenclatures
1. Introduction
	1.1 Microbial Processes for Oil Recovery
		1.1.1 Strategy Overview
		1.1.2 Selective Plugging
		1.1.3 Wettability Alteration
		1.1.4 Surface Tension Alteration
		1.1.5 Bioacids/Solvents/Gases
		1.1.6 Degradation/CleanUp
	1.2 Subsurface Environment and Screening Criteria
		1.2.1 Lithology
		1.2.2 Porosity and Permeability
		1.2.3 Depth/Temperature/Pressure
		1.2.4 Salinity/pH
		1.2.5 Screening Criteria
	References
2. Microbiology and Microbial Products for Enhanced Oil Recovery
	2.1 Microbial Ecology and Activities in Deep Subsurface
		2.1.1 Microorganisms in Ecosystem
			A Temperature
			B pH
			C Salinity
			D Oxygen
		2.1.2 Reservoir Environments and Their Effects on Microbial Activities
			A Temperature
			B pH
			C Salinity
	2.2 Biosurfactants
		2.2.1 Definitions and Characteristics
		2.2.2 Biosurfactant Production (Mechanisms, Optimal Conditions, Yields)
		2.2.3 Representative Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria
			A Bacillus species
			B Pseudomonas species
			C Other species
	2.3 Biopolymers
		2.3.1 General Definition
		2.3.2 Formation of Biopolymers
		2.3.3 Representative Biopolymers and Their Properties
			A Curdlan produced by Alcaligenes spp. and Agrobacterium spp.
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				c Application
				c Application
			B Pullulan produced by Aureobasidium spp.
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physiochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physiochemical characteristics
				c Application
				c Application
			C Dextran produced by Leuconostoc spp.
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				c Application
				c Application
			D Scleroglucan produced by Sclerotium spp.
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				c Application
				c Application
			E Xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonas spp.
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				c Application
				c Application
			F Levan produced by Bacillus spp.
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				c Application
				c Application
			G Alginate
				a Microbial production
				a Microbial production
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
				b Chemical and physicochemical characteristics
		2.3.4 Applications of EPS for Selective Plugging Strategy of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
	2.4 Biofilms and Extracellular Polymeric Substances
		2.4.1 Definitions
			A Self-defense system
			B Microbial nutrient niche
			C Cell-to-cell communication
			D Genetic exchange
		2.4.2 Biofilm in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
			A Wettability modification
			B Permeability control
		2.4.3 Formation of Bacterial Biofilms
		2.4.4 Biofilm Architecture
		2.4.5 Biofilm Structure (Extracellular Polymeric Substance)
		2.4.6 Representative Biofilm-Bacterial Species
			A Pseudomonas aeruginosa
			B Bacillus licheniformis
			C Bacillus cereus
			D Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
	2.5 Biogenic Gases
		2.5.1 Gas-Bacteria and Microbial Gas Production Mechanisms
			A CO2-producing bacteria via fermentation
			B N2-producing bacteria via denitrification
			C Representative H2-producing species
			D Representative CH4-producing species
	2.6 Solvents, Acids
	References
3. Theory and Experiments
	3.1 Principles of Interfacial Tension and Wettability
		3.1.1 Interfacial Tension or Surface Tension
		3.1.2 Surface Wettability
		3.1.3 Fluid Flow in Porous Media—Capillary Forces
	3.2 Pore-scale Mechanisms of Mobility Control by Surfactant Adhesion
		3.2.1 Reduction in Interfacial Tension
		3.2.2 Surfactant Efficiency and Effectiveness
	3.3 Interfacial Tension and Wettability Modification by Biosurfactant Producers
		3.3.1 Surfactin Produced by Bacillus spp.
		3.3.2 Rhamnolipid Produced by Pseudomonas spp.
		3.3.3 Other Biosurfactant-Producing Species
		3.3.4 Summary
	3.4 Additional Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms
		3.4.1 Viscosity Reduction by Biogenic Gas and Solvent Producers
		3.4.2 Permeability Increase by Solvent- and Acid-Producing Microorganisms
		3.4.3 Pressure Support by Biogenic Gas Producers
	3.5 Permeability and Porosity in Reservoir Rocks
		3.5.1 Porosity
		3.5.2 Permeability
		3.5.3 Porosity and Permeability Relation
	3.6 Principles of Selective Plugging in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
		3.6.1 Heterogeneity in Reservoirs
		3.6.2 Basic Mechanism of Selective Plugging
	3.7 Selective Plugging Mechanisms by Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances and Biopolymers
		3.7.1 Pore-Scale Observations on Bioclogging
		3.7.2 Column Experiments at a Core Scale on Permeability Reduction
		3.7.3 Analytical Pore-Scale Models for Correlation Between Biopolymer Saturation and Permeability
			3.7.3.1 Variations in capillary tube models and Kozeny grain models with pore-scale habits of biopolymer accumulation
				A Parallel capillary tube model
				A Parallel capillary tube model
					A-1 Grain-coating capillary model
					A-1 Grain-coating capillary model
					A-2 Pore-filling capillary model
					A-2 Pore-filling capillary model
				B Kozeny grain models
				B Kozeny grain models
					B-1 Grain-coating Kozeny model
					B-1 Grain-coating Kozeny model
					B-2 Pore-filling Kozeny model
					B-2 Pore-filling Kozeny model
				C Generalized model for Kr-SBP correlation
				C Generalized model for Kr-SBP correlation
			3.7.3.2 Correlations between permeability reduction Kr and biopolymer saturation SBP
	References
4. Modeling and Simulation
	4.1 Biological Growth and Metabolism Kinetics
		4.1.1 Basic Concept for Growth Rate
		4.1.2 Effects of Environmental Parameters
		4.1.3 Model for Metabolites Generation
	4.2 Simulation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms
		4.2.1 Permeability Alteration
		4.2.2 Interfacial Tension Reduction
		4.2.3 Relative Permeability Change
	4.3 Applications of Numerical Simulation
		4.3.1 Permeability Alteration
		4.3.2 Interfacial Tension Reduction
		4.3.3 Other Simulation Studies
	References
5. Field Applications
	5.1 Considerations for MEOR Implementation
		5.1.1 Injection Strategies
		5.1.2 Microorganisms
		5.1.3 Nutrients
	5.2 Classifications of Field Applications
		5.2.1 Lithology and Trial Types
		5.2.2 Type of Recovery Mechanisms
		5.2.3 Microorganisms
		5.2.4 Nutrients
		5.2.5 Reservoir Environments
	5.3 World MEOR Applications
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	W
	X
	Z
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