Theorizing Crisis Communication

Notes on Authors viii
1 Introduction to Crisis Communication Theory 1
Defining Crisis 4 Defining Communication 10 Theory 15 Plan for This Book 21 Conclusion 22
2 Theories of Communication and Crisis Development 25
Assumptions of Stage Models 27 Three-Stage Model 30 Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 33 Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 37 Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication 40 Conclusion 45
3 Theories of Communication and Warning 49
Detection of Risks 50 Functional Approaches to Communication and Warning 51 Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Respond Model 57 Protective Action Decision Model 60 Integrated Model of Food Recall 67 Emerging Warning Systems 71 Conclusion 72
4 Theories of Communication and Crisis Outcomes 76
Organizational Learning 77 Sensemaking 83
vi  Contents
Organizational Legitimacy 87 Situational Crisis Communication Theory 91 Discourse of Renewal 96 Conclusion 100
5 Theories of Communication and Emergency Response 105
Assumptions of Communication and Emergency Response 107 Chaos Theory and Emergent Self-Organization 108 Theories of Communication and Crisis Coordination 114 Communication and Community Resilience 122 Four-Channel Model of Communication 127 Conclusion 132
6 Theories of Communication and Mediated Crises 138
News Framing Theory 140 Focusing Events 143 Uses and Gratifications Theory 147 Crisis News Diffusion 151 Diffusion of Innovations 154 Conclusion 158
7 Theories of Influence and Crisis Communication 163
Apologia 165 Image Repair 168 Kategoria 172 Dramatism 176 Narrative Theory 181 Conclusion 184
8 Theories of Communication and Risk Management 188
Mindfulness 190 High Reliability Organizations 195 Precautionary Principle 200 Cultural Theory 204 Risk Communication as Argument 208 Conclusion 212
9 Theories of Crisis Communication and Ethics 217
Ethics 218 Crisis Communication as an Ethical Domain 221 Responsible Communication 223
Significant Choice 225 The Ethic of Care 227 Virtue Ethics 229 Justice 230 Applications of Moral Theory to Crisis 232 Conclusion 235
10 Using Theories of Crisis Communication 239
Minimization of Communication in an All-Hazards Approach 240 The Practicality of Theory in Understanding Crisis
Communication 242 The Pathway for Inspiring Meaningful Change 243 Successful Connections Linking Theory-Based Research
and Practitioners 245 Promising New Lines of Research 250 Persistent Challenges 257 A Final Word 259
Index 263