Themes in Roman Society and Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Rome

Title page
Copyright
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE SECOND EDITION
CONTRIBUTORS
A NOTE TO THE READER
INTRODUCTION
1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN SOCIAL HISTORY
	INTRODUCTION
	THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL HISTORY
	SOCIAL HISTORY AND CLASSICS
		Traditional Approaches to Roman History before the 1960s
		New Approaches to Ancient History
	SOCIAL HISTORY AND THE CLASSICS: DEBATES AND PROBLEMS
	SOCIAL HISTORY AND THIS VOLUME
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
2 A SUMMARY OF ROMAN HISTORY
	INTRODUCTION
	EARLY ROME: LEGENDS AND KINGS
	THE EARLY REPUBLIC (508–287 BCE)
	THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC (287–133 BCE)
	THE LATE REPUBLIC (133–31 BCE)
	AUGUSTUS
	THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS (14–68 CE)
	THE FLAVIANS (69–96 CE)
	FROM NERVA TO THE ANTONINES (96–192 CE)
	THE SEVERANS (193–235 CE)
	“MILITARY ANARCHY,” OR “CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY” (235–284 CE), AND TETRARCHY (293–313 CE)
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
3 ROMAN GOVERNMENT IN THE REPUBLIC AND EARLY EMPIRE
	INTRODUCTION
	THE VOTING ASSEMBLIES
		The “Servian Constitution”
		The Tribal Assembly
		The Plebeian Assembly
		The Curial Assembly
	THE SENATE AND SENATORS
	THE ELECTED OFFICIALS OF THE STATE
		Annually Elected Magistrates
		Other Elected Officials
		Dictator
		Priesthoods
		The People in the Late Republic and Early Empire
	THE IMPERIAL PERIOD AND BEYOND
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTE
4 THE ROMAN ARMY
	INTRODUCTION
	THE COMPOSITION OF THE ROMAN ARMY
		The Legions
		The Auxiliaries
		The Praetorian Guard
	PROFESSIONALIZATION AND THE ROMAN ARMY
	WARFARE
		Preparing for War
		Battle, Bravado, and Discipline
		War: The Aftermath
	THE ARMY AND SOCIETY
		The Army and Civilians: Policing and the Abuse of Authority
		The Army and Civilians: Women and Families
	THE ARMY AS DISTINCT SOCIETY
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
5 CLASS AND STATUS
	INTRODUCTION
	TERMS
		Class
		Status
	CLASS AND STATUS: CHANGES OVER TIME
	MOBILITY
	DID CLASS AND STATUS MATTER?
	THE PERSISTENCE OF HIERARCHY
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
6 THE ROMAN HOUSEHOLD
	INTRODUCTION
	TERMS, CONCEPTS, AND THE SHAPE OF THE ROMAN FAMILY
	HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS AND RELATIONSHIPS
		Wives and Marriage
		Parents and Children
		Slaves and Freedpersons
	THE PHYSICAL HOUSE
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
7 ROMAN SLAVERY
	INTRODUCTION
	DEFINITIONS
	THE ROMAN SLAVE SUPPLY
	THE LIVES OF SLAVES
	THE LONGEVITY OF ROMAN SLAVERY
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
8 ROMAN SEXUALITY AND GENDER
	INTRODUCTION
	LITERARY SOURCES
	PRUDERY AND EXPURGATION
	TERMINOLOGY
	GENDER IDENTITY VERSUS SEXUAL ORIENTATION
	THE PHALLUS
	FEMALE SEXUALITY
	SEXUAL SCENES
		Private Houses
		Public Places
		Oral Sex
	SAME-SEX COUPLINGS: MEN
		Passive-Sexual Labels as Abuse
		Pederasty
	SAME-SEX COUPLINGS: WOMEN
	SEXUALITY AND THE LAW: STUPRUM and Rape
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
9 EDUCATION IN THE ROMAN WORLD
	INTRODUCTION
	“LETTERS ARE A GOOD START TO LIFE”
		The First Elements: Early Education at Home and School
	BEYOND THE BASICS: GRAMMATICē, Rhetoric, and Vocational Training
	“A PROPER EDUCATION IS THE SOURCE AND ROOT OF ALL GOODNESS”
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
10 LATIN LITERATURE
	INTRODUCTION
	DEFINING “LITERATURE”
	CHRONOLOGY
	GREECE AND ROME
	LITERATURE AND THE ROMAN ELITE
	TRADITION, INTERTEXTUALITY, AND DECLINE
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
11 ART AND ARCHITECTURE
	INTRODUCTION
	DEFINING “ROMAN-NESS”
	AUGUSTAN ROME: IMAGE OF AN EMPIRE
	IMPERIAL DYNASTIES AND DOMINANCE
	RESPONSES TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
12 RELIGION AT ROME
	INTRODUCTION
	PRACTICE, BELIEF, AND DIVINITY: SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF RELIGION AT ROME
	CIVIC RELIGION
	FROM ROMAN RELIGION TO RELIGION AT ROME
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
13 CRIME, CRIMINAL LAW, AND ORDER
	INTRODUCTION
	“CRIME” IN THE ROMAN WORLD
	COURTS, JUSTICE, AND TERROR
	ROMAN “POLICING OFFICIALS”
	SELF-HELP
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
14 ENTERTAINMENT IN THE ROMAN WORLD
	INTRODUCTION
	PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT
		Ludi
		Munera
	THE POLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF ENTERTAINMENT SPECTACLES
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
15 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN THE ROMAN WORLD
	INTRODUCTION
	DESIGNING HEALTHY CITIES
	FOOD AND NUTRITION
	DISEASE AND ILLNESS
	PATTERNS OF DISEASE
	GREEK MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TREATMENTS IN ROME
	BATHS AND BATHING IN ROMAN LIFE
		What to Expect at the Baths
		Hygiene and Health at the Baths
	CONCERNING DEMOGRAPHY
		The Size of Cities
		Life Expectancy as a Measure of Health
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
16 THE ECONOMY
	INTRODUCTION
	EVIDENCE AND THEORY
	THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE “ROMAN ECONOMY”
	PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ECONOMIES?
	SLAVES AND FREEDPERSONS IN ROMAN ECONOMIES
	LAND AND PROPERTY
	TAXATION
	PRODUCTION AND TRADE
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION 363
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
17 ROMAN TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
	INTRODUCTION
	TERMINOLOGY AND TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE
	TECHNOLOGY ASSIMILATED
	ROADS AND BRIDGES
	WATER TRANSPORT
	CONCRETE
	WATER SUPPLY
	INSTRUMENTS
	SOURCES OF ENERGY
	THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE WORKS
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
18 THE RECEPTION OF THE ROMAN WORLD
	INTRODUCTION
	CONTINUITY AND THE “CLASSICAL TRADITION”
		Putting the “Roman” in “Romance”: The Legacy of the Latin Language
		Decline, Fall, and Rebirth: The Perseverance of Roman Society
	REPUBLICANISM, IMPERIALISM, FASCISM
	POPULAR RECEPTION OF THE ROMAN WORLD
	THE ROMANS ON FILM
	THE ROMANS ON TELEVISION
	THE ROMANS IN VIDEO GAMES
	SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
	SUGGESTED READING
	NOTES
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX: RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS
GLOSSARY
INDEX