The Young Turks in Opposition (Studies in Middle Eastern History)

Contents......Page 8
Note on Transliteration......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 16
Westernization as an Instrument of Change......Page 20
Contemporary Science and Its Impact on Ottoman Thinking......Page 23
The Tug of War between Conservatives and Modernists......Page 26
The Young Turks and Modernization......Page 29
How Contemporary Science Colored Young Turk Thinking......Page 31
Bureaucracy Challenged: Loyalty versus Merit......Page 36
Constitutionalism, \"Parliament,\" and the Young Turks......Page 41
Relations between the Freemasons, the Young Turks, and the CUP......Page 46
Le Parti Constitutionnel en Turquie and Its Relations with the CUP......Page 54
Le Comité Turco-Syrien and Its Relations with the CUP......Page 57
The Role of the Ulema and the Sufi Orders in the Opposition Movement—Their Relations with the CUP......Page 62
The Supporters of a Palace Coup d\'État and Their Connections with the CUP......Page 71
Individual Initiatives and the CUP......Page 80
The Founding of the CUP and Its Early Activities......Page 84
The CUP Organization in Europe and in Egypt, 1895–1896......Page 91
The Istanbul Branch and the 1896 Coup d\'État Attempt......Page 97
The CUP Organization in the Regions......Page 99
Establishment of the CUP Network in the Balkans, 1895–1896......Page 102
The European Organization......Page 103
The Egyptian Branch......Page 114
The Istanbul Center......Page 117
The Provincial Organization of the CUP and the 1897 Coup d\'État Attempt in Syria......Page 118
The Balkan Organization......Page 122
The European Organization......Page 123
The Egyptian Branch......Page 132
The Istanbul Center and the CUP Network within the Empire......Page 133
The Balkan Organization......Page 135
The Activities of the Geneva Center in Late 1898 and Negotiations with the Palace......Page 137
The Geneva Center and the Paris Branch......Page 139
The Egyptian Branch......Page 149
The CUP Organization within the Empire......Page 151
The Balkan Organization, New Branches in North Africa and Central Asia, and the CUP in Cyprus......Page 153
The Flight of Damad Mahmud Pasha and Its Consequences......Page 155
Damad Mahmud Pasha and the Geneva Center......Page 158
The Rise of the Pro-British Group under Damad Mahmud Pasha and the CUP Center in England......Page 159
The Paris Branch of the CUP......Page 169
The \"Activists\" in Geneva......Page 171
The Young Turks in Egypt......Page 175
The CUP Center in Istanbul and Activities in the Empire......Page 177
The Balkan Organization......Page 178
The CUP and the Ottoman Opposition prior to the 1902 Congress......Page 179
7. Organizational Transformation of the CUP, 1889–1902......Page 180
Final Activities before the Congress......Page 186
The Organization of the Congress......Page 193
The First Congress of Ottoman Opposition......Page 201
Consequences of the Congress......Page 210
Islam as a Tool of Modernization......Page 213
The Young Turks and Positivism......Page 216
The Young Turks and Elitism......Page 218
Materialism, Race, and Nationalism......Page 221
10. Conclusion......Page 226
Abbreviations......Page 230
Notes......Page 232
Selected Bibliography......Page 372
A......Page 394
B......Page 395
D......Page 396
H......Page 397
J......Page 398
M......Page 399
O......Page 400
S......Page 401
T......Page 402
Z......Page 403