The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Members of Study Group......Page 12
References......Page 13
1 The Kaleidoscope of Adolescence......Page 15
Objectives of This Volume......Page 17
Definitions of Adolescence......Page 18
Family: Diverging Forms and Altering Resources......Page 20
Schools: Expanding with Variable Effectiveness......Page 21
Peers: Increasing Interactions with Mixed Results......Page 23
Other Contexts of Preparation......Page 24
Facing the Future......Page 25
2. Globalization Versus Fragmentation......Page 26
3. Tensions Between Connection and Individualism......Page 28
4. Gendered Structures of Opportunity......Page 29
5. Circumscribed Progress in Health and Well-Being......Page 30
6. Optimism for the Future......Page 31
Appreciating the Kaleidoscope of Adolescence......Page 32
References......Page 33
Introduction......Page 35
Youth in the Age Structure......Page 36
Age Structures and Economic Growth......Page 39
Investments in Youth......Page 43
Education......Page 44
Equity in Education......Page 48
Health......Page 51
Labor Force Participation......Page 54
Marriage and Parenthood......Page 55
Household Structure and Income Inequality......Page 57
National Preparedness......Page 62
Conclusion......Page 66
References......Page 70
Introduction......Page 75
General Indicators for Adolescent Development in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 78
Theoretical Complexity: A Triple Cultural Heritage of the Indigenous and the Exogenous......Page 79
Methodological Issues......Page 80
African Worldview......Page 82
Indigenous Conceptions of Adolescence......Page 83
Adolescents’ Family Relationships and Life Experiences......Page 84
Relationships, Roles, and Family Experiences of Adolescents......Page 85
Family Functioning......Page 87
Continuities and Discontinuities in Family Life and Adolescent Experiences......Page 88
Adolescents’ Experiences in Dislocated Families......Page 89
Peer Relationships......Page 91
Adolescent Sexuality and Reproductive Health......Page 92
Rural/Urban Differences in Sexual Behavior......Page 95
Adolescent Sexual Behavior and HIV/AIDS......Page 97
The Role of Cultural Factors in Sexuality and Perceptions of Procreation......Page 98
The Education of Africa’s Youth......Page 99
Indigenous African Educational Thought and Practice......Page 100
Patterns of Schooling and Institutional Education......Page 102
Positive and Negative Consequences of Schooling......Page 103
Combating Unemployment and Exclusion: Creating Value for the Inclusiveness of Adolescents......Page 105
The Health Care Service Delivery Systems......Page 107
Toward a Theoretic and Methodological Insight......Page 109
References......Page 111
Introduction......Page 119
Demographic Profile......Page 120
Family Relations......Page 121
Child Rearing and Implications for Adolescence......Page 123
Stressors Associated with Social Change......Page 124
Peer Relations......Page 125
Role of Religion and Caste......Page 127
Role of Media......Page 129
Contexts and Constraints of Education and Schooling......Page 130
Higher Education......Page 132
Continuing Concerns......Page 133
Employment......Page 134
Political and Civic Participation......Page 138
Civic Participation......Page 139
Substance Use......Page 140
Crimes Against Adolescents......Page 141
Physical Development and Nutritional Status......Page 142
Sexuality and Reproductive Health......Page 143
HIV/AIDS......Page 144
Health Care......Page 145
The National Youth Policy & Development Programs for Adolescents......Page 147
References......Page 148
Background......Page 155
Overview......Page 157
Modeling......Page 158
Parent-Child Relations......Page 159
The One-Child Family......Page 160
Peer Relations......Page 162
The Education System......Page 163
Academic Achievement......Page 165
Gender Differences......Page 166
Gifted Children......Page 167
Exceptional Adolescents......Page 168
Extracurricular Programs......Page 169
Private Preparatory Schools: Juku and Yobiko......Page 170
Employment......Page 172
Psychological Adjustment......Page 174
School-Related Behavior Problems......Page 175
General Health......Page 176
Sexual Activity......Page 177
Consumerism......Page 178
Civic Engagement......Page 179
Services for Youth......Page 180
References......Page 181
Introduction......Page 185
Background......Page 188
Family Organization and Relations......Page 190
Socialization Within the Family......Page 191
Impact of Social Transformations on the Family......Page 192
Gender Socialization and the Changing Role of the Female......Page 193
Peer Relations and Sexuality......Page 195
Sexual Behaviors......Page 196
Delaying Marriage......Page 198
Enrollment Rates......Page 199
Educational Survival Rates......Page 200
Labor Force Participation Rates......Page 202
Problems and Issues in Youth Employment......Page 204
Youth Unemployment......Page 205
Social Consequences of Unemployment......Page 206
Health Concerns......Page 207
Reproductive Health......Page 208
Life Conditions of the Urban Poor Youth......Page 209
Service Providers......Page 210
Services Within the School System......Page 211
Government Services......Page 212
Services from Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 213
Civic and Community Engagement......Page 214
Conclusion......Page 216
References......Page 218
Interviews......Page 220
7 Arab Adolescents Facing the Future......Page 221
The Arab World......Page 222
Being an Adolescent......Page 224
Family Relationships......Page 227
Family, Gender Difference, and Social Expectation......Page 231
Peer and Sibling Relationships......Page 234
Education and Employment......Page 237
Physical Health......Page 243
Mental Health and Problem Behavior......Page 245
Youth Services and Youth Programs......Page 248
Political Engagement......Page 249
Toward the Future......Page 250
References......Page 252
Introduction......Page 257
Overview of General Societal, Political, and Economical Issues......Page 258
Trends in Adolescents’ Family Relationships......Page 263
Girls’ Family Roles and Other Gender Issues......Page 267
Peer Relations and Sexuality......Page 269
Changes in the Experience of Schooling......Page 272
Trends in Adolescent Employment......Page 275
Adolescents’ Political, Community, and Civic Engagement......Page 277
Social Services for Youth......Page 278
Trends in Mental and Physical Health......Page 279
Adolescent Culture......Page 281
Perceptions of the Future......Page 282
Conclusions......Page 283
Notes......Page 285
References......Page 286
9 Adolescents in Latin America......Page 290
Social Changes in Latin America and Its Youth......Page 291
Demographics......Page 295
Economic Conditions......Page 296
Family Relations......Page 297
Interactions with Friends and Peer Groups......Page 301
Sexual and Reproductive Behavior......Page 303
Education......Page 306
Employment......Page 308
Health......Page 311
Violence......Page 313
Political Participation......Page 315
Conclusion......Page 316
Notes......Page 317
References......Page 318
Introduction: Who Are Today’s Western Adolescents?......Page 321
Overview: 20th Century Changes in Adolescence......Page 322
The Widening Scope of the “Adolescent” Years......Page 323
Family Relationships......Page 325
Peer Relationships......Page 330
School......Page 333
Employment......Page 336
Media......Page 339
Community and Civic Engagement......Page 341
Mental and Physical Health......Page 343
Provision of Services......Page 347
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Their Futures......Page 348
Conclusion......Page 350
References......Page 351
11 Adolescence in Global Perspective......Page 358
Causes for Hope......Page 359
Causes for Concern......Page 361
A Framework for Social Policy......Page 364
Multilayered Responses......Page 366
Knowledge and Social Policy......Page 369
Understanding and Analysis......Page 370
Dissemination......Page 371
Toward Freedoms and Choice?......Page 372
References......Page 374
Index......Page 377