The World of Chemistry: Essentials

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
1.1 The World of Chemistry......Page 22
1.2 DNA, Biochemistry, and Science......Page 25
1.3 Air-Conditioning, the Ozone Hole, and Technology......Page 28
1.5 Benefits/Risks and the Law......Page 31
1.6 What Is Your Attitude Toward Chemistry?......Page 35
The Chemistry of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)......Page 26
2 The Chemical View of Matter......Page 38
2.1 Elements—The Simplest Kind of Matter......Page 39
2.3 Mixtures and Pure Substances......Page 40
2.4 Changes in Matter: Is It Physical or Chemical?......Page 42
2.5 Classification of Matter......Page 43
2.6 The Chemical Elements......Page 47
2.7 Using Chemical Symbols......Page 49
2.8 The Quantitative Side of Science......Page 52
The Personal Side Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–1896)......Page 46
3 Atoms and the Periodic Table......Page 60
3.1 John Dalton\'s Atomic Theory......Page 61
3.2 Structure of the Atom......Page 62
3.3 Modern View of the Atom......Page 66
3.4 Where Are the Electrons in Atoms?......Page 70
3.5 Development of the Periodic Table......Page 78
3.6 The Modern Periodic Table......Page 80
3.7 Periodic Trends......Page 82
3.8 Properties of Main-Group Elements......Page 85
The Personal Side Niels Bohr (1885–1962)......Page 72
The Personal Side Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)......Page 65
4 The Air We Breathe......Page 92
4.1 The Lower Atmospheric Regions and Their Composition......Page 93
4.2 Air: A Source of Pure Gases......Page 96
4.3 Natural Versus Anthropogenic Air Pollution......Page 97
4.5 Smog......Page 98
4.6 Nitrogen Oxides......Page 101
4.7 Ozone as a Pollutant......Page 104
4.8 Sulfur Dioxide: A Major Primary Pollutant......Page 105
4.10 Carbon Monoxide......Page 107
4.11 A Look Ahead......Page 109
5 Chemical Bonding and States of Matter......Page 114
5.1 Electronegativity and Bonding......Page 115
5.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds......Page 116
5.3 Covalent Bonds......Page 122
5.4 Shapes of Molecules......Page 128
5.5 Polar and Nonpolar Bonding......Page 132
5.6 Properties of Molecular and Ionic Compounds Compared......Page 133
5.7 Intermolecular Forces......Page 134
5.8 The States of Matter......Page 135
5.9 Gases......Page 137
5.11 Solutions......Page 138
5.12 Solids......Page 140
5.13 Reversible State Changes......Page 141
The Personal Side Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875–1946)......Page 124
6 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect......Page 146
6.1 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration over Time......Page 147
6.2 What Is the Greenhouse Effect?......Page 149
6.3 Why Worry about Carbon Dioxide?......Page 151
6.5 Sources of Greenhouse Gases......Page 154
6.7 Consequences of Global Warming— Good or Bad?......Page 157
6.8 The Kyoto Conference Addresses Global Warming......Page 158
6.9 Possible Responses to Global Warming......Page 159
The Chemistry of Apollo 13 (1995)......Page 148
7 Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer......Page 164
7.1 The Oxygen–Ozone Screen......Page 165
7.2 Where Is the Ozone?......Page 166
7.3 The Ozone Layer Is Disappearing......Page 168
7.4 Why CFCs and Why at the Poles?......Page 172
7.5 What Are the Implications of Increases in the Size of the Ozone Hole?......Page 175
7.6 Can We Do Anything about the Ozone Hole?......Page 176
7.7 What Will Replace CFCs?......Page 177
The Personal Side Susan Solomon (1956– )......Page 169
The Personal Side Paul J. Crutzen (1933– ),Mario J. Molina (1943– ),and F. Sherwood Rowland (1927– )......Page 171
8 Chemical Reactivity: Chemicals in Action......Page 182
8.1 Balanced Chemical Equations and What They Tell Us......Page 183
8.2 The Mighty Mole and the \"How Much?\" Question......Page 185
8.3 Rates and Reaction Pathways: The \"How Fast?\" Question......Page 190
8.4 Chemical Equilibrium and the \"How Far?\" Question......Page 194
8.5 The Driving Forces and the \"Why?\" Question......Page 196
8.6 Recycling: New Metal for Old......Page 200
The Personal Side Amadeo Avogadro (1776–1856)......Page 189
The World of Chemistry Green Design......Page 201
9 Acid–Base Reactions......Page 206
9.1 Acids and Bases: Chemical Opposites......Page 207
9.2 The Strengths of Acids and Bases......Page 211
9.3 Molarity and the pH Scale......Page 213
9.4 Acid–Base Buffers......Page 217
9.5 Corrosive Cleaners......Page 219
9.6 Heartburn: Why Reach for an Antacid?......Page 220
10 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions......Page 224
10.1 Oxidation and Reduction......Page 225
10.2 Oxidizing Agents: They Bleach and They Disinfect......Page 226
The Personal Side Richard Feynman and the Challenger Explosion......Page 228
10.4 Batteries......Page 231
10.5 Electrolysis: Chemical Reactions Caused by Electron Flow......Page 236
10.6 Corrosion: Unwanted Oxidation– Reduction......Page 238
11 Water, Water Everywhere, But Not a Drop to Drink?......Page 242
11.1 The Unique Properties of Water......Page 243
11.2 Acid Rainfall......Page 247
11.3 How Can There Be a Shortage of Something as Abundant as Water?......Page 249
11.4 What Is the Difference between Clean Water and Polluted Water?......Page 252
11.5 The Impact of Hazardous Industrial Wastes on Water Quality......Page 254
11.6 Household Wastes that Affect Water Quality......Page 257
11.7 Toxic Elements Often Found in Water......Page 258
11.8 Measuring Water Pollution......Page 259
11.9 How Water Is Purified Naturally......Page 260
11.10 Water Purification Processes: Classical and Modern......Page 262
11.11 Softening Hard Water......Page 263
11.12 Chlorination and Ozone Treatment of Water......Page 264
The Chemistry of Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)......Page 266
11.14 Pure Drinking Water for the Home......Page 268
The World of Chemistry Green Chemistry......Page 256
12 Energy and Hydrocarbons......Page 272
12.1 Energy from Fuels......Page 273
12.2 Petroleum......Page 278
12.3 Natural Gas......Page 283
12.4 Coal......Page 284
12.5 Methanol as a Fuel......Page 285
12.6 Classes of Hydrocarbons......Page 287
12.7 Alkenes and Alkynes: Reactive Cousins of Alkanes......Page 292
The World of Chemistry Organic Metals......Page 296
12.9 Alcohols: Oxygen Comes on Board......Page 299
The Personal Side Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975)......Page 301
13 Nuclear Changes and Nuclear Power......Page 306
13.1 The Discovery of Radioactivity......Page 307
The Personal Side The Curies......Page 308
13.3 The Stability of Atomic Nuclei......Page 312
13.4 Activity and Rates of Nuclear Disintegrations......Page 313
13.5 Artificial Nuclear Reactions......Page 316
13.6 Transuranium Elements......Page 317
13.7 Radon and Other Sources of Background Radiation......Page 318
13.8 Useful Applications of Radioactivity......Page 321
13.9 Energy from Nuclear Reactions......Page 324
13.10 Useful Nuclear Energy......Page 327
The Chemistry of The Saint (1997)......Page 311
The Personal Side Glenn Theodore Seaborg(1912-1999)......Page 319
The Chemistry of Spider-Man 2 (2004)......Page 333
14 Organic Chemicals and Polymers......Page 338
14.1 Organic Chemicals......Page 340
14.2 Alcohols and Their Oxidation Products......Page 341
14.3 Carboxylic Acids and Esters......Page 347
14.4 Synthetic Organic Polymers......Page 349
The Personal Side Stephanie Louise Kwolek (1925– )......Page 362
14.6 Recycling Plastics......Page 365
The Chemistry of Romy and Michelle\'s High School Reunion (1995)......Page 357
The World of Chemistry Chemistry in Outer Space......Page 363
The Chemistry of The Man in the White Suit (1951)......Page 367
15 The Chemistry of Life......Page 373
15.1 Handedness and Optical Isomerism......Page 374
15.2 Carbohydrates......Page 379
15.3 Lipids......Page 384
15.4 Soaps, Detergents, and Shampoos......Page 390
15.5 Creams and Lotions......Page 393
15.6 Amino Acids......Page 395
15.7 Peptides and Proteins......Page 398
15.8 Protein Structure and Function......Page 401
15.9 Hair Protein and Permanent Waves......Page 405
15.10 Energy and Biochemical Systems......Page 407
15.11 Nucleic Acids......Page 409
The World of Chemistry Chiral Drugs......Page 378
The World of Chemistry Cis and Trans Fatty Acids and Your Health......Page 386
The Chemistry of Men in Black II (2002)......Page 408
16 Nutrition: The Basis of Healthy Living......Page 419
16.1 Digestion: It\'s Just Chemical Decomposition......Page 420
16.2 Energy: Use It or Store It......Page 421
16.4 Lipids, Mostly Fats and Oils......Page 425
16.5 Proteins in the Diet......Page 427
16.6 Our Daily Diet......Page 429
16.7 Vitamins in the Diet......Page 431
16.8 Minerals in the Diet......Page 434
16.9 Food Additives......Page 437
16.10 Some Daily Diet Arithmetic......Page 440
The Chemistry of Lorenzo\'s Oil (1992)......Page 426
The World of Chemistry The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005......Page 428
The World of Chemistry Olestra, a \"Fat\" for Calorie Counters......Page 433
17 Chemistry and Medicine......Page 447
17.1 Medicines, Prescription Drugs, and Diseases: The Top Tens......Page 448
17.2 Drugs for Infectious Diseases......Page 450
The Chemistry of Me & Isaac Newton (1999)......Page 453
17.4 Steroid Hormones......Page 456
17.5 Neurotransmitters......Page 457
17.6 The Dose Makes the Poison......Page 460
17.7 Painkillers of All Kinds......Page 461
17.8 Mood-Altering Drugs, Legal and Illegal......Page 463
The World of Chemistry Addictive Drugs......Page 467
17.10 Preventive Maintenance: Sunscreens and Toothpaste......Page 469
17.11 Heart Disease......Page 472
17.12 Cancer, Carcinogens, and Anticancer Drugs......Page 474
17.13 Homeopathic Medicine......Page 478
The Personal Side Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915)......Page 451
18 The Chemistry of Useful Materials......Page 483
18.1 The Whole Earth......Page 484
18.2 Chemicals from the Hydrosphere......Page 485
18.3 Metals and Their Ores......Page 488
18.4 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Superconductors......Page 493
18.5 From Rocks to Glass, Ceramics, and Cement......Page 498
The World of Chemistry Swords of Damascus Leave Legacy of Superplastic Steel......Page 492
The World of Chemistry Asbestos......Page 501
19 Feeding the World......Page 507
19.1 World Population Growth......Page 508
19.2 What Is Soil?......Page 510
19.3 Nutrients......Page 513
19.4 Fertilizers Supplement Natural Soils......Page 516
19.5 Protecting Food Crops......Page 521
19.6 Sustainable Agriculture......Page 525
19.7 Agricultural Genetic Engineering......Page 528
The World of Chemistry Trying to Mimic Nature......Page 515
The Personal Side Fritz Haber (1868–1934)......Page 519
Appendix A: Significant Figures......Page 535
Appendix B: Scientific Notation......Page 539
Appendix C: Units of Measure, Unit Conversion and Problem Solving......Page 545
Appendix D: Naming Organic Compounds......Page 553
Appendix E: Answers to Concept Checks and The Language of Chemistry......Page 559
Appendix F: Answers to Try It......Page 569
Appendix G: Answers to Applying Your Knowledge......Page 573
Glossary......Page 587
Credits......Page 597
Index......Page 599