The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism (Wiley Blackwell Companions to Geography)

Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes on Contributors
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Part 1 Introduction
	Chapter 1 Tourism: Conceptualisations, Disciplinarity, Institutions and Issues
		Introduction
			Conceptualising Tourism
			The Institutionalisation of Tourism Studies
		Acknowledgements
		References
Part 2 Disciplinary and Methodological Perspectives on Tourism
	Introduction Disciplinary and Methodological Perspectives on Tourism
		References
	Chapter 2 Tourist Flows and Spatial Behaviour
		Introduction
		Modeling Inter-destination Tourist Movements
		Modeling Intra-destination Movements
		Intervening Factors
			Distance Decay and Market Access
			Time and Financial Budgets
			Trip and Personal Characteristics
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3 Consumer Behaviour in Tourism
		Introduction
		Evolutionary Psychology and Consumer Behaviour
		Decision-making Models of Tourist Behaviour
		Tourist Experience
		Sociological Factors of CB
		Political Factors of CB
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4 Tourism Motivations and Decision-making
		Introduction – Free Will and Choice in Leisure Tourism
		Motivations and Push Factors
		Escape/Novelty
		The Quest
		Social Motivations
		Wellbeing
		Decision-making
		The Engel-Koolat-Blackwell (EKB) Model of Decision-making
		Problem Recognition – 1st Stage
		Information Search – 2nd Stage
		Evaluation of Alternative Pull Factors – 3rd Stage
		Making a Choice – 4th Stage
		Post-purchase Evaluations
		Theories of Reasoned Actions (TRA) and Planned Behaviour (TPB)
		The Missing Segment – People Who Don’t Travel
		The Need for Behavioural Change
		Conclusions – Towards Sustainable and Responsible Tourism
		References
	Chapter 5 Economic Perspectives on Tourism
		Introduction
		Tourism Consumption and the Economy
		Tourism’s Economic Benefits and Costs
		Economic Benefits
		Economic Costs
		Current Trends in Tourism
		Tourism Forecasting
		Over-tourism
		Tourism, Economic Development and Productivity
		Seasonality
		COVID and Beyond: Outlook for Tourism
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6 International Relations and Geo-political Approaches to Tourism
		Introduction
		Key Theories in International Relations
		International Relations and Tourism
		Globalization and International Tourism
		Political Economy of International Tourism
		Geopolitics and International Tourism
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 7 Political Economy Approaches in TourismFrom Radical Political Economy via Cultural Political Economy to Political Ecology
		Introduction
		Tourism and Regulation Theory
		Radical Political Economy and Tourism
		Cultural Political Economy
		Poststructural Political Economy
		From the Political Economy of Nature to Political Ecology
		References
	Chapter 8 Tourism Mobilities
		Introduction
		Embodying Tourism Mobilities
		(Re)Bordering
		Imagining Tourism Mobilities
		Conclusions: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections
		References
	Chapter 9 The State of Qualitative Research Methods in Tourism and Hospitality Research Design Issues and The Way Forward
		Introduction: Qualitative Research Method
		Historical Development of Qualitative Research in Tourism and Hospitality
		Types of Qualitative Strategies for Inquiry
		Phenomenology
		Grounded Theory
		Designing Robust Qualitative Research Methods
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10 Historiography, Tourism and Tourism Marketing
		Introduction
		Methodological Show or Tell?
		Methodological Perspectives
		The Tourism Marketing Historians Toolbelt
			Historical Case Study or ‘History of. . .’
			Periodization
			Time-series and Citation Analysis
			Biography
			Autobiography and Self-reflection
		Pitfalls of Historical Analysis
		Uses and Contributions of Historical Method(s)
		Where To From Then?
		References
	Chapter 11 GPS, Smartphones, and the Future of Tourism Research
		The Introduction of GPS to Social Science Research and to Tourism Studies
		The Smartphone Revolution and its Implications for Tourists and Researchers
		GPS Data and the Potential for Complex Spatiotemporal Modelling and Data Mining
		Ethical Questions and the Tracking of Tourists
		Theoretical and Methodological Reflections
		Key Questions for Future Research
		References
Part 3 Theories of Tourist Practice, Experience, and Encounter
	Introduction Theories of Tourist Practice, Experience, and Encounter
	Chapter 12 Tourism and Landscape
		Context and Scope: An Introduction
		The Place of Landscape in Tourism Geography: A Critical Theorisation
			The Relationship of Tourism and Landscape
			The Visual and Relational Aspects of Landscape in Tourism
			Contemporary Trends of Landscape Transformation
		Key Issues and Research Advances in Tourism Landscapes
			Setting the General Context
			The First Overarching Period
			The Second Overarching Period
		Theoretical and Methodological Reflections
		References
	Chapter 13 From Pseudo-Events to Virtual RealityThe Development of Authenticity in Tourism Scholarship
		Introduction
		The Origins
		Authenticity and Heritage: A Multifaceted Relationship
			Intangible Heritage
			Souvenirs
		Authenticity, Marketing and Representation
		The Fictional and Virtual Reality
			Disney, Literature and the Moving Pictures
			Virtual Reality
		Finding a Compromise
		Conclusions
		Note
		References
	Chapter 14 Place Attachment in Tourism
		Introduction
		Defining Place Attachment
		Place Attachment: A Multi-dimensional Construct in Tourism
			Place Dependence Behaviours in Tourism
			Place Identity Behaviours in Tourism
			Place Affective Behaviours in Tourism
			Place Social Bonding and Pro-social Behaviours in Tourism
			Place Attachment and Sustainable Tourism in Nature-based and Cultural Settings
		Place Attachment and Memorable Experiences in Tourism
			Place Attachment in Therapeutic Tourist Settings
			Place Attachment and Place Protective Behaviours
		Place Attachment and Resilience
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 15 Mindfulness and Tourism
		Introduction
		Characteristics of Meditative Mindfulness
		Factors Promoting Mindfulness
		E-mindfulness: Technology-assisted Mindfulness
		Critique of Mindfulness
		Characteristics of Mindful Tourists
		Applications of Mindfulness in the Tourism Industry
		Tourist Experience and Mindfulness
		The Co-creation of Mindful Tourism Experiences
		Barriers to Broader Adoption of Mindfulness in Tourism
		Conclusions and Further Research
			Exploratory Evidence of Mindful Tourist Experiences
			Multi-disciplinary and Multi-method Investigations of Mindful Tourism
			Mindfulness and Technology
		References
	Chapter 16 When the Process is the DestinationLong-distance Walking as Slow Tourism
		Introduction
		Historical Roots and Terminological Changes
		Approaches to Defining the Long-distance Walk in Research
		Slow Tourism and Long-distance Walking
		Research Perspectives on Mental Health Aspects of Long-distance Walking
			Flow: Overcoming the Challenges of Long-distance Walking
			Calmness: The De-stressing Effects of Walking in Nature
			Contemplation: Using the Walk as an Opportunity for In-depth Reflections
		Theoretical Co-existence: The Being, Thinking, and Doing of Long-distance Walking
			The State of the Art within Empirical Studies
		Future Directions and Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 17 Tourism and Development: Contact, Consumption, and Building Together
		Contact
		Consumption
		Building Together
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 18 The Tourist Gaze 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.01
		Introduction
		1.0
		2.0
		3.0
		4.0
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 19 What’s Left to Say? Late Modern Ruminations on Tourism and Critical Social Theory
		Decentring the Human Subject in Tourist Practice
		The Convergence of Biopolitics and Technopolitics
		On the Lingering Significance of the Modern
		References
Part 4 Producing Tourism and Tourism Spaces
	Introduction Producing Tourism and Tourism Spaces
	Chapter 20 Tourism Resourcification
		Introduction
		Part 1: Essentialist vs. Constructionist Understanding of Resources
		Part 2: Four Approaches to Resourcification
			Context
		Conditions
		Modes
		Temporalities
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 21 Transnational Corporations and the Globalisation of Tourism
		Introduction
		Drivers of Globalisation
			Economic Drivers
			Technology Drivers
			Social drivers
			Political Drivers
		Effects of Globalisation
			Economic Development
			Income Inequality
			Dependency
			Destruction of Local Industries
			Leakages
			Employment Opportunities
			New Technologies
			Destination Marketing
		Social Effects
			Environmental Protection
			Power and Influence
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 22 Tourism and Public Transport
		Introduction: Tourism and Transport
		Tourist Use of Public Transport
			Age and Health
			Gender
			Level of Education
			Level of Income/Household Income
			Occupation/Profession
			Tourist Origin
			Car Ownership and Valid Driving License
			Marital Status and Household Size
			Language
			Internet/Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
			Public Transport Use in Home Environment
			Travel Motivation
			Public Transport Value, Expectation, and Satisfaction
			Travel Attitude and Behaviour
			Motivations to Use and Not to Use Public Transport
			Public Transport Availability
			Travel Partners and Group Travel
			Length of Stay
			Repeat or First Time Visitors, Travel Frequency and Familiarity to Destination
			Initial Mode of Transport, Access to Cars and Transport Mode for Entire Journey/During Trip
			Travel Destinations and Destination Characteristics
			Types of Accommodation
			Trip Expense
			Travel Activity/Visits During Trip
			Time
			Comfort
			Source and Provision of Information
			Safety and Security
			Price/Fare
			Ease of Use
		Tourism and Public Transport Relationships
		The Promotion of Public Transport as a Tourist Experience and Attraction
		Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23 Tourism Entrepreneurship
		Introduction
		Tourism Entrepreneurs
		Tourism Entrepreneurial Processes
		Tourism Entrepreneurial Forms, Outcomes, and Implications
		Concluding Thoughts
		References
	Chapter 24 Accelerating Innovation in TourismLiving Labs as a Way Forward
		Introduction
		Literature Review - Current State of Knowledge
			What We Understand as Innovation
			What We Understand as Living Labs
			Active User Involvement
			Real-life Setting
			Multi-stakeholder
			Multi-method Approach
			Co-creation
		Discussion
			Open Innovation
			Collaborative Innovation
			How Living Labs Could Look Like in Community-oriented Tourism Destinations
			Living Lab Performance Indicators in Tourism
			What Problems We Could Tackle With Living Labs in Tourism
			The Role That Lighthouses Can Play in Living Labs
			The Role That Universities and Other Research Infrastructure Can Play in Living Labs
			Proposal for a Living Lab Framework in Community-oriented Tourism
		Conclusion: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections
		References
	Chapter 25 Residents’ Attitudes Toward Tourism
		Introduction
		Factors Influencing Residents’ Attitudes
		Theoretical Foundations for the Assessment of Residents’ Attitudes
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 26 Chinese Outbound Tourism and Shopping
		Chinese Outbound Tourism: A Brief History
		Chinese Outbound Tourism: The Etic View
		Chinese Outbound Tourism: The Emic View
		Outbound Tourist Shopping
		Chinese Outbound Tourist Shopping
		A Unique Cultural Phenomenon: Daigou
		A Concluding Note
		References
	Chapter 27 Tourism Work and Workers in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Introduction
		Labour Precarity: A Major Challenge to Sustainable Development
		The Invisibility of Tourism Workers in the Sustainability Debate
		Tourism Work and Sustainability: Moving the Discussion Further
		Fitting Tourism Work and Workers into the Sustainability Agenda
		Concluding Remarks
		Epilogue
		References
Part 5 Tourist Attractions Place, Space and Forms
	Introduction Tourist Attractions: Place, Space and Forms
	Chapter 28 Cultural Heritage TourismA Future for Sustainable Development?
		Introduction
		Cultural Heritage Tourism and Sustainable Development
		Community and Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism
		Local Identity and Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism
		Risks to the Future of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism
		Is There a Future for Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism?
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 29 Urban Tourism
		Introduction
		Urban Heritage Tourism
		Restructuring Urban Tourism
		Contemporary Dynamics of Tourist Mobility
		The Changing Face of Urban Tourists
		Cultural Change
		Spatial Change
		Concluding Discussion
		References
	Chapter 30 Second-home Tourism in Troubled Times
		Introduction
		Mapping and Understanding Second-home Tourism
		Motivations and Mobilities
		Second Home Impacts and Planning Issues
		Theoretical Approaches and Methodologies
		(Post)Pandemic Second-home Tourism
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 31 Mega-events and Tourism
		Mega-events, Tourism, and Event Experience: The Triangle
		It Is All About Legacy, Or Is It?
		An Emphasis On Local Stakeholders
		Theoretical and Methodological Reflections
		References
	Chapter 32 Food and Tourism
		Introduction
		Gourmet Tourism
			Definition
			Culinary Tourism
			Food Tourism
			Gastronomy or Gastronomic Tourism
		Tourists’ Food Consumption Behavior
			Factors Affecting Tourists’ Food Consumption
			Tourists’ Food Consumption Experience
		Food Waste in Hospitality Industry
			Food Waste and Impact
			Definition and Type
			Reasons
			Solutions
		Food and Destination Development
			Food and Destination Image
			Food and Place Attachment
			Food and Destination Marketing
			Food and Destination Development
			Food and Destination Sustainability
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 33 Where to With Evolving Gay and Lesbian Tourism Practices?
		Introduction
		Sexuality, Place, Space and Tourism Clusters
		Current Debates on the Link Between Queer Sexualities, Place, Space and Tourism
		Where to with Evolving Gay and Lesbian Tourism Practices Going Forward?
		Note
		References
	Chapter 34 Tourism, Shopping and Connotations of Place
		Introduction
		Retail Opportunities: The Appeal of Shopping Tourism
			Cross-border Shopping
			Luxury Shopping
			Shopping Festivals
			The Real Estate Market: Shopping for Second Homes Abroad
		Other Trends in Shopping Tourism
		Branding and Place-making
		Conclusion
		References
PART 6 Tourism and Global Change Impacts and Response
	Introduction Tourism and Global Change: Impacts and Response
		Constructing Impacts
		Constructing Responses to Climate and Environmental Change
		References
	Chapter 35 Tourism and the Anthropocene
		Introduction
		The Anthropocene
		Anthropocene Themes in the Tourism Literature
			Anthropocene Themes in the Broader Tourism Literature and Research
			(a) The Anthropocene as a Framing Concept
			(b) The Anthropocene as a Container for Re-packaging
			(c) The Anthropocene as a Booster for Posthumanism
			(d) The Anthropocene as Naturalization
			(e) The Anthropocene as Overruled by Tourism
		Conclusion: Tourism and the Anthropocene
			Future Directions in the Planetary Climate and Ecological Emergency
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 36 The Global Footprint of Tourism
		Introduction
		Biodiversity
		Water
		Land Use and Change
		Climate Change
		Geographical Scope
		Methodological Progress
		Theoretical and Methodological Reflections
		References
	Chapter 37 Climate Change Implications for Tourism
		Introduction
		The New Realties of Global Climate Change for Tourism
			(1) Direct Impacts of a Changed Climate
			(2) Indirect Climate-induced Environmental Change
			(3) Indirect Climate-induced Socioeconomic Change
			(4) Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation Policy
		The Geography of Tourism Vulnerability to Climate Change
		Adapting to Climate Change
		Conclusion – Is Tourism Prepared for Climate Change?
		References
	Chapter 38 Tourism and Tourists in Nature: Governance of National Parks and Wilderness in an Era of Global Change
		Introduction
		The Role of Nature: Tourism in National Parks and Wilderness Areas
			Demand for the Wild
			Experiencing the Wild
		Nature-based Tourism Industry
			Old and New Modes of Nature-based Tourism
			Evolving Conflicts and Governance Needs in Local-global Nexus
		Conclusions: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections on Growing Complexities of Nature-based Tourism
		References
	Chapter 39 Tourism and the Precautionary Principle in Theory and Practice
		Introduction
		The Precautionary Principle
		Tourism and Precaution
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 40 Evolution of Concepts: From Tourism Carrying Capacity to Overtourism
		Introduction
		Carrying Capacity in Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
		Magic Numbers or Pure Fiction?
		Sustainable Tourism
		Overtourism
		Current and Future Challenges
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 41 Tourism and CSR – Time toShift the Dial
		Introduction
		Tourism Research on CSR
			Sketching Out the Body of Knowledge
			The State of the State-of-the-art
			Back to the Future: Viewing Recent Progress From a 2010 Lens
		The Future of Responsibility Scholarship on Tourism
			Pandemic and Post-pandemic Studies of Tourism CSR
			Tourism CSR and ‘Grand Challenges’: Another Way Forward?
		Conclusion – Time to Shift the Dial
		References
	Chapter 42 Green Human Resource Management in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: Outlook and Further Research
		Introduction
		GHRM Practices
			Green Recruitment
			Green Training
			Green Evaluation
			Green Feedback Handling
			Green Compensation
		Antecedents of GHRM
			Organization Level Factors
			Employee Level Factors
		Consequences of GHRM
			Organization Level Consequences
			Employee Level Consequences
		Challenges
		Conclusions and Further Research
		References
Part 7 Tourism Policies, Planning and Governance
	Introduction Tourism Policies, Planning and Governance
		References
	Chapter 43 Tourism, Public Policy and Governance
		Introduction
		Trends and Themes in Research
		Theoretical Advancements
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 44 Tourism and Innovation: A Cross Sectoral and Interregional Perspective
		Introduction
		Tourism Knowledge Networks
		Tourism and the Systemic Features of Sectoral and Regional Innovations
			Systemic Qualities and the Network Perspective
			Coherence
			Unified Function
			Boundedness
		Tourism as a Sectoral Innovation System
			The Technological ’Turn’
		Tourism and Regional Innovation Systems
		Cross Sectoral and Regional Approach
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 45 Reviewing Empowerment in Tourism: Conceptualisation to Future Research Directions
		What is Empowerment?
		Dimensions of Empowerment in Tourism
			Psychological Empowerment
			Social Empowerment
			Political Empowerment and Tourism Governance
			Economic
		Measuring Empowerment from Tourism
		Resident Empowerment and Resident Attitudes
			Social Exchange Theory
			Weber’s Theory of Formal and Substantive Rationality
		Antecedents and Outcomes of Empowerment From Tourism
			Place Attachment
			Nature Connection
			Quality of Life
		Future Research
			Additional Dimensions of Empowerment
			Relevance of Empowerment from the Resident Perspective
			Collective Empowerment
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 46 Tourism and Resilience
		Introduction
		Overview of the Literature
		Theories and Concepts
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 47 The Influence of Place-narratives on Destination Development
		Introduction
		Place
		Sense of Place
		Narratives
		The Planned Place-narrative
		The Collective Place-narrative
		The Individual Place-narrative
		Introduction to the Case-study
		Methodological Framework
		1. Centrality is Relative
		2. The Mental Distance
		3. The Expat Storybuilders
		4. Place-narratives in Cultural Practices and Language
		5. The Internalised Prejudice
		6. Infrastructure as not the Only Way Home
		Conclusion
		References
Part 8 The Influence of Place-narratives on Destination Development
	Chapter 48 Conclusions: Challenges and Futures for Tourism
		Introduction
		The Institutional Environment of Tourism
		Technologies
		Global Environmental Change
		Economic and Political Uncertainty
		References
Index
EULA