The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy

Geophysical Monograph SeriesAmerican Geophysical Union......Page 1
The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy......Page 3
The Use of ArtificialSatellites for Geodesy......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Critical Configurations of Fundamental Range Networks......Page 12
TREATMENT OF RANGE OBSERVATIONS WITH ALL GROUND STATIONS IN A PLANE......Page 13
TREATMENT OF RANGE OBSERVATIONS WITHGROUND STATIONS GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED......Page 16
REFERENCES......Page 18
BASIC IDEAS AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION......Page 19
THE STOCHASTIC MODEL......Page 21
THE ANALYSIS......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 28
GEOGRAV COORDINATE SYSTEM......Page 29
COMPUTATION OF THE PARAMETERS S AND n......Page 31
DETERMINATION OF THE STATION GEOCENTRICLATITUDE AND LONGITUDE......Page 32
LEAST SQUARES SOLUTION......Page 33
SAMPLE COMPUTATION......Page 34
CONCLUSIONS......Page 35
2. Geometric Geodesy: Results......Page 36
REFERENCE......Page 50
COMPUTATION OF THE OBSERVATIONS RELATIONS......Page 51
RESULTS......Page 52
CONCLUSION......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 56
HISTORY......Page 57
COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES......Page 59
NETWORK ADJUSTMENTS......Page 61
FUTURE PLANS......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
Geos I Secor Observations in the Pacific Solution SP 7......Page 67
`INNER' ADJUSTMENT......Page 68
EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS......Page 70
OBSERVATIONAL DATA......Page 71
CONCLUSIONS......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
Mini-Arc Orbit Determination for the Geos C Altimetry Experiment......Page 74
PROCESSING RADIAL-DISTANCE DATA BYUSING F AND G SERIES......Page 75
ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION OF THEMASS FACTOR......Page 76
ORBITAL FINE-STRUCTURE MODEL......Page 79
ANALYTICAL OPTIMIZATION OFMINI-ARC INTERVAL......Page 80
COMPARISON OF THE MINI-ARC TECHNIQUETO CONVENTIONAL SMOOTHING......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
DETAILS OF SOLUTIONS......Page 84
RESULTS......Page 86
CONCLUSIONS......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
Survey Improvement and Calibration Analysis for the Air ForceEastern Test Range with Geos C......Page 90
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN......Page 91
GEODETIC RESULTS......Page 94
CALIBRATION......Page 95
EPHEMERIS ACCURACY......Page 96
CONCLUSIONS......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
COMBINATIONS OF TERRESTRIAL GRAVITYDATA WITH SATELLITE-DERIVEDGEOPOTENTIAL COEFFICIENTS......Page 99
COMBINATIONS OF NORMAL EQUATIONS DERIVED FROM TERRESTRIAL DATA WITH NORMAI, EQUATIONS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA......Page 101
RECOMMENDED DATA COMBINATION METHOD......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
Nature of the Satellite-Determined Gravity Anomalies'......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 112
REPRESENTATION OF THE GRAVITY FIELD......Page 113
COMBINATION WITH GRAVITY ANOMALIES......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
Propagation of Errors in Orbits Computed from Density Layer Models......Page 116
EXPANDING AND 77 IN TERMS OF E, THEECCENTRIC ANOMALY......Page 118
EXPANSIONS IN TERMS OF MEAN ANOMALY......Page 119
PROBLEM OF VARIABLE MESH SIZE......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 124
Representation of the Earth Potential by Buried Masses......Page 125
METHOD......Page 126
RESULTS......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
Geopotential Representation with Sampling Functions......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 134
Refinement of the Gravity Field by Satellite-to-SatelliteDoppler Tracking......Page 136
METHODS OF DATA REDUCTION......Page 137
DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATIONS......Page 138
SOLUTIONS USING SIMULATED DATA......Page 139
CONCLUSIONS......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
Satellite-Satellite Tracking for Estimating Geopotential Coefficients......Page 142
ERROR ANALYSIS FOR SATELLITE-TO-SATELLITETRACKING......Page 143
SIMULATIONS OF GEOPOTENTIAL RECOVERY......Page 144
CONCLUSIONS......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
PROCESSING......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 152
DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL COEFFICIENTS FROM TERRESTRIAL GRAVITY DATA......Page 154
RECENT DETERMINATIONS AND COMPARISONSOF POTENTIAL COEFFICIENTS FROMTERRESTRIAL GRAVITY DATA......Page 156
ACCURACY OF POTENTIAL COEFFICIENTS FROMCURRENT TERRESTRIAL GRAVITY DATA......Page 158
ACCURACY OF POTENTIAL COEFFICIENTS FROMNEW GRAVITY DATA......Page 159
HOW HIGH CAN WE CARRYPOTENTIAL-COEFFICIENT DETERMINATIONS FROM GRAVITY DATA?......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
METHODS OF GEOPOTENTIAL MODELEVALUATION......Page 164
GENERAL ERROR ANALYSIS OF ORBITESTIMATION......Page 165
NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF GEOPOTENTIAL ERROR EFFECTS......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 170
METHOD OF COMPUTATION......Page 171
RESULTS OF GEOID COMPUTATION......Page 173
EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS......Page 175
CONCLUSIONS......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 178
Determination of Gravity Anomalies by Satellite Geodesy......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 181
NWL 9C COORDINATE SYSTEM......Page 182
NWL 9C POLE POSITION FOR 1970......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 186
Geodetic Studies by Laser Ranging to Satellites......Page 188
LASER RANGE DATA......Page 189
NORMALIZED STATION COORDINATES......Page 191
THE LOVE NUMBER, k2......Page 194
CONCLUSIONS......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
Observed Effects of Earth-Reflected Radiation and Hydrogen Drag on the Orbital Accelerations of Balloon Satellites......Page 198
PERTURBATIONS CAUSED BY EARTH ALBEDORADIATION......Page 199
HYDROGEN DRAG......Page 203
APPENDIX......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 207
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS......Page 209
Instrumentation Errors......Page 210
ORBITAL TRADE-OFF STUDIES......Page 211
CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION......Page 212
GLOBAL MAPPING APPLICATIONS......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 216
Average Return Pulse Form and Bias for the 5193 Radar Altimeteron Skylab as a Function of Wave Conditions'......Page 217
TRANSMITTED AND RETURN PULSES......Page 218
THE EFFECTS OF WAVES......Page 219
RANGE DETECTION......Page 223
WAVE VARIABILITY OVER THE OCEANS......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 226
Radar......Page 227
RANDOM ERRORS......Page 228
Error Equations......Page 229
Numerical Calculations......Page 232
Return Waveform Simulation......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 237
STATUS OF INSTRUMENTATION......Page 238
GEODESY WITH ORBITING GRADIOMETERS......Page 239
PERIODIC MASS MODELS......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
Timing for Geodetic Satellites......Page 243
Atmospheric Correction for the Troposphere andStratosphere in Radio Ranging of Satellites......Page 245
APPLICATION OF EQUATION 19 IN RADIO RANGING OF SATELLITES......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
NOMENCLATURE......Page 250
THEORY......Page 251
MEASUREMENTS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 256
6. Extraterrestrial Geodesy......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 260
MODEL OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL......Page 261
DETERMINATION OF UNKNOWN COEFFICIENTS......Page 262
VALIDITY AND LIMITATIONS OF LUNAR ORBITER DATA......Page 263
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS......Page 264
DETERMINATION OF LUNAR DENSITYDISTRIBUTION......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 269
CONVECTION CURRENTS......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 273
THE MOON......Page 274
THE INNER PLANETS......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
Considerations for an Earth Physics Information-Management Service......Page 277
DATA BASES AND PROCESSES FOR EARTH PHYSICS DISCIPLINES......Page 278
GENERAL PROBLEMS......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 282
GEOMETRIC GEODESY: THEORY......Page 283
GEOMETRIC GEODESY: RESULTS......Page 284
PHYSICAL GEODESY: THEORY......Page 286
PHYSICAL GEODESY: RESULTS......Page 287
INSTRUMENTATION AND ENVIRONMENT......Page 289
A LOOK AT THE FUTURE......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292