The Umayyad World

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Editor’s Acknowledgments
Chapter One Introduction: The Umayyad World
	Notes
Part I Political Culture
	Chapter Two Living Together: Social Perceptions and Changing Interactions of Arabian Believers and Other Religious Communities During the Umayyad Period
		Preliminaries
		Umayyads and Christians Before C. 690
		The Umayyads and Christians C. 692–750
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Three Prophetic Dominion, Umayyad Kingship: Varieties of Mulk in the Early Islamic Period
		Introduction
		Mulk in the Negative
		Mulk in the Positive
		Conclusion: the Varieties of Mulk
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Four Ethnicity, Power and Umayyad Society
	The Rise and Fall of the People of Maʿadd
		Maʿadd in Pre-islamic Arabia
			A Question of Method
		Maʿadd, Muhammad and the Conquests
		Maʿadd and the Umayyads: the Evidence of Poetry
			A Maʿadd-less Desert
			Maʿaddite Towns
		Continuity and Change: Maʿadd and Umayyad Power
		Maʿadd and the Genesis of Arab Identity
			Defensive Manoeuvres: Maʿadd as the Original Arab
			Reactionary Reflexes: Distancing Maʿadd from Arabness
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Five Umayyad Visual Culture and Its Models
		Portable Objects and Monuments as Models
		Contested Origins: Geometrical Ornaments
		Appropriation Processes and Late Antiquity’s Visual Koine
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part II Scribes, Administration and Law
	Chapter Six Aspects of Umayyad Administration
		Introduction
		Administrative Divisions and Hierarchy
		Fiscal Administration
			The Poll Tax
			Forced Labour
		Marwanid Reforms and Memories of Administrative Change
			Multilingualism, Public Documents and the Arabian Background
			Memories of Changes and Perceptions of Administrative Violence
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Seven the Social and Economic Background of Provincial Administrators in Egypt
		Social Factors Behind a Classification of Administrators
		Towards a Social Typology of Officials
		Changes in the Social Composition of Administrators
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Eight the Umayyads and the Formation of Islamic Judgeship
		Judges
		Courts
		Procedures
		Justice and Umayyad Government
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Nine Al-awzaʿi and the Umayyad Influence on Islamic Legal Development
		Introduction
		Al-awzaʿi and His Works
		Al-awzaʿi Beyond His Extant Works
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Ten the Surrender Agreements: Origins and Authenticity
		Treaties Before the Conquests
		Treaties in Late Antiquity
		Treaties with the Arabians
		Local Surrender Agreements Before the Conquests
			The Mechanism of Surrender
		Surrender Agreements Made Following the Conquests
			The Terminology
			The Procedure of Surrendering
			Actual Copies of the Agreements
			The Structure of the Agreements
			The Characteristics of the Agreements
				A) Oath Formulae
				B) Stipulations
				C) Payments and Gifts Accompanying Surrender
			Detailed Agreements
		The Treaty of Alexandria
		The Treaty of Jerusalem
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part III Regions of the Umayyad World
	Chapter Eleven the Umayyad North1: (or: How Umayyad Was the Umayyad Caliphate?)
		The Umayyad Family and the Umayyad North
			Muʿawiya b. Abi Sufyan
			ʿAbd Al-malik and Muhammad b. Marwan
			ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Al-ʿAziz
			Maslama b. ʿAbd Al-malik
			Marwan b. Muhammad
		Sources on the Umayyads in the North
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Twelve Elites in the Countryside: the Economic and Political Factors Behind the Umayyad ‘desert Castles’
		Introduction
		Umayyad ‘desert Castles’: A Short Survey of Four Sites
		Agriculture and Economy
			Umayyad Aristocratic Settlements as Agricultural Estates
		Politics and Diplomacy
			Decentralisation and Mobility
			Setting and Visual Expression of Power
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Thirteen the Umayyad Red Sea as an Islamic Mare Nostrum
		Introduction
		Revisionist Approaches to the Red Sea
		The Pre-Islamic Period
		Direct Connections – Grain Export and Pilgrimage Routes
		The Port of Ayla
		Mining and Agriculture in Ayla’s Hinterland
		Ports, Agriculture, and Mining in the Hijaz
		Ports and Mining in Southern Arabia
		Trade Connections with East Africa
		Conclusion: the Creation of an Islamic Mare Nostrum
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Fourteen the Umayyads and North Africa: Imperial Rule and Frontier Society
		Introduction
		The Muslim Conquest of North Africa
		Governing Ifriqiya
		A Frontier Province: the Role of the Military
		The Umayyads and Urban Investment
		The Aftermath
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Fifteen Conquest and Settlement: What al- Andalus can tell us about the Arab expansion at the time of the ...
		The West in the East
		Similarities and Dissimilarities in Futuh Accounts
		Non- Arab Troops in the Conquering Armies: The Case of the Berbers
		The Evidence of Coinage
		Notes
		Bibliograpy
	Chapter Sixteen Ecology, economy, and the conquest of Khurasan
		Introduction
			Sources
		Ecology and Economy As Motivating Forces for Early Muslim Ambitions in Khurasan
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part IV Pilgrimage in Mecca and Jerusalem
	Chapter Seventeen the Transition from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Western Arabia
		The Pre-islamic Hijaz and the World of Late Antiquity
		The Umayyad Hijaz
		Early Islam to Late Antiquity?
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Eighteen Ibn Al-zubayr, the Kaʿba and the Dome of the Rock
		Introduction: the Problem
		How Did the Meccan Kaʿba Become the Muslim Sanctuary? the Traditional Account
		The Historical Background to Ibn Al-zubayr’s Construction of the Kaʿba
		Did the Kaʿba Have a Role in the Hajj in the First Century of Islam?
		The Nature of Ibn Al-zubayr’s Work on the Kaʿba
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Nineteen Umayyad Jerusalem: from a Religious Capital to a Religious Town
		Muʿawiya
		ʿAbd Al-malik
		Al-walid
		The FadaʿIl Literature During the Umayyad Period
		The Umayyadsʿ Diminished Interest?
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part V Religion and Identity in the Material Evidence
	Chapter Twenty Arabic Rock Inscriptions Up to 750 Ce
		Introduction
		Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions
		The Provenance of the Inscriptions
		Palaeographical Features in Early Inscriptions
		The Types of the Inscriptions
			1a. Building Inscriptions
			1b. Epitaphs
			1c. Milestone Inscriptions
			2a. Supplications to God
			2b. Declarations of Faith
			2c. Graffiti of the Type Ana Fulan
			2d. Qurʿanic Quotations
			2e. Waṣiyyas, Graffiti Offering Advice to the Readers
			2f. Literary Graffiti
			2g. Miscellaneous Graffiti
		Why Were Inscriptions Written?
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Twenty One the Written Transmission of the Qur.an During Umayyad Times: Contextualising the Codex Amrensis 11
		Introduction
		Part One: the Description of the Codex A.1
			The Codex A.1 and the Project Coranica
			History of the Codex A.1
			Palaeography of Codex A.1
			Codicology of the Codex A.1
			Textual Analysis: Orthography
				Omission of Letters
				Additional Letters
				Different Letters
				Probable Copyists’ Errors or Traditional Practice
			Textual Analysis: Diacritical Signs
				Consonants
				Lam-alif
				Diacritical Marks and Variant Readings
			Textual Analysis: Division into Verses
		Part Two: Contextualising Codex A.1
			Palaeography: Codex A.1 and the Lh/a and a Families
			Codicology
			Textual Comparison: A Tradition Against Others
				Orthography
				Diacritical Signs and Variant Readings
				Lam-alif
				Fa and Qaf
				Textual Division
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Twenty Two Christian Art and Visual Culture in Umayyad Bilad Al-sham
		Introduction
		Attitudes to Christian Buildings in the Literary Sources
		The Material Evidence
		Iconophobia
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part VI Limits of Empire
	Chapter Twenty Three Kharijism in the Umayyad Period
		Introduction
		The Sources
		Historical Overview of Kharijite Rebellions in the Umayyad Period
		Kharijite Thought
		Kharijism in Modern Scholarship
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Twenty Four Qurashi Marriage and the Roots of Revolt: the Rebellion of ʿAbd Allah b. Muʿawiya, 744–7471
		Methodology
		The Family Background
		ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar the Politician
		The Marriages of ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar in Statistical Context
		The Marriages of Umm Kulthum Bt. ʿabd Allah and Her Siblings
		Qurashi Female Endogamy
		Ibn Mu.awiya Reconsidered
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Twenty Five How the West Was Won: Unearthing the Umayyad History of the Conquest of the Maghrib
		Introduction
		Approaches to Early Islamic Historiography
		Excavating Ibn ʿabd Al-hakam’s Main Source for the Conquest of the Maghrib
		The Umayyad Origins of the Backbone Narrative
		Alternative Circulation of the Backbone Narrative
		The Backbone Narrative in Changing Contexts
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter Twenty Six Power, Law and Ideology in Umayyad Al-andalus
		Research on the Ideology of the Cordoban Umayyads – Principal Themes
		Malikism and the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba
		Law and Ideology: Hisham I, Al-hakam I and the Jurists
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Index