The Trial and Crucifixion of Jesus. Texts and Commentary

Cover
Preface
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
Part 1. The Jewish Trial before the Sanhedrin (E. J. Schnabel)
	1.1 Annas and Caiaphas, High Priests
		(1) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.26
		(2) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.34
		(3) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 20.197
		(4) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 20.198
		(5) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 5.506
		(6) t. Menah.ot 13:21
		(7) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.35
		(8) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.95
	1.2 The Jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin
		(9) CIIP I/1 2
		(10) Philo, De legatione ad Gaium 306–308
		(11) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.2
		(12) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 20.199–203
		(13) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.117
		(14) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 6.126
		(15) Megillat Taʿanit 6 [13–15]
		(16) y. Sanhedrin 18a,42–43
		(17) b. Sanhedrin 41a
		(18) b.ʿAbodah Zarah 8b
	1.3 Capital Cases in Jewish Law
		(19) 11QTemple LIV, 8 – LV, 10
		(20) 11QTemple LVI, 8–11
		(21) 11QTemple LXI, 7–12
		(22) 11QTemple LXIV, 6–13
		(23) CD IX, 1
		(24) 4Q266 Frag. 6 II, 5–10
		(25) Philo, De specialibus legibus 1.54–55
		(26) Philo, De specialibus legibus 1.315–316
		(27) Philo, De specialibus legibus 2.27–28
		(28) Philo, De specialibus legibus 2.242–243
		(29) Philo, De specialibus legibus 2.252–254
		(30) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 1.96–97
		(31) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 14.177
		(32) m. Sanhedrin 4:1
		(33) m. Sanhedrin 4:5
		(34) m. Sanhedrin 6:1–2
		(35) m. Sanhedrin 6:4–6
		(36) m. Sanhedrin 7:4
		(37) m. Sanhedrin 7:6–7
		(38) m. Sanhedrin 7:10
		(39) m. Sanhedrin 7:11
		(40) m. Sanhedrin 11:5
		(41) t. Sanhedrin 10:11
		(42) t. Sanhedrin 11:7
		(43) y. Sanhedrin 25c,74–25d,10
		(44) b. Sanhedrin 46a
		(45) b. Sanhedrin 89a
		(46) Origen, Commentarii in epistulam ad Romanos 6.7.11 (Rom 7:2–6)
	1.4 Interrogation of Witnesses
		(47) Susanna 44–62
		(48) CD IX, 2–8
		(49) CD IX, 16 – X, 2
		(50) 1QS VI, 1
		(51) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 4.219
		(52) m. Sanhedrin 5:1–5
		(53) t. Sanhedrin 6:3
	1.5 The Charge of Blasphemy
		Pronouncing the Divine Name
			(54) Philo, De vita Mosis 2.203–208
			(55) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 4.198, 202
			(56) m. Sanhedrin 6:4
			(57) m. Sanhedrin 7:5
		Claiming divine prerogatives
			(58) Philo, De somniis 2.129–132
			(59) Philo, De decalogo 61–63
			(60) y. Taʿanit 65b,61–70
			(61) b. Sanh. 38b
			(62) Sifre Devarim §221 on Deuteronomy 21:22
		Despising the Torah and Profaning Holy Things
			(63) Sifre Bamidbar §112 on Numbers 15:30–31
		Threatening the Temple
			(64) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 12.406
			(65) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 6.300–309
		Attacking the Divinely Appointed Leadership
			(66) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 13.293–296
	1.6 The Charge of Being a Seducer
		(67) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.63
		(68) Justin Martyr, Dialogus cum Tryphone 69.6–7
	1.7 The Charge of Sorcery
		(69) Origen, Contra Celsum 1.6, 38, 68
		(70) b. Sanh. 43a
		(71) b. Sanhedrin 107b
	1.8 Abuse of Prisoners
		(72) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 6.302
	1.9 Transfer of Court Cases
		(73) P. Helsinki I 1
		(74) P. Oxy. II 237 Col. VII, 29–38
		(75) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 6.303–305
Part 2. The Roman Trial before Pontius Pilatus (E. J. Schnabel)
	2.1 Pontius Pilatus
		(76) AE 1971 477
		(77) Philo, De legatione ad Gaium 299–305
		(78) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.169–174
		(79) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.175–177
		(80) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.55–59
		(81) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.60–62
		(82) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.63–64
		(83) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 18.85–89
		(84) Tacitus, Annales 15.44
	2.2 The Jurisdiction of the Roman Governor
		(85) Cicero, Pro Balbo 22
		(86) Cyrene Edicts of Augustus (SEG IX 8)
		(87) SB XII 10920 (P. Yale II 162)
	2.3 The crimen maiestatis in Roman Law
		(88) Cicero, De inventione 2.17.52–55
		(89) Cicero, Pro Cluentio 97
		(90) Cicero, In Pisonem 50
		(91) Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 3.11.1–3
		(92) Seneca, De beneficiis 3.26
		(93) Tacitus, Annales 1.72–73
		(94) Tacitus, Annales 2.50
		(95) Suetonius, Tiberius 58
		(96) Digesta 48.4.1–11
		(97) Institutiones 4.18
	2.4 Reports of Trial Proceedings
		(98) Cicero, In Verrem 1.18.55
		(99) P. Oxy. I 37
	2.5 Languages used in Provincial Court Proceedings
		(100) P. Oxy. LI 3619 Frag. 2, 23–26
		(101) P. Lips. I 40, Col. III, 20–25
	2.6 Amnesty and Acclamatio Populi
		(102) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 8.35.4–7
		(103) Papyrus Florentinus I 61
		(104) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 20.215
		(105) Plinius Secundus, Epistulae 10.31–32
		(106) m. Pesah.im 8:6
	2.7 Abuse of Convicted Criminals
		(107) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 24.5.10–14
		(108) Philo, In Flaccum 36–40
		(109) P. Louvre 68 (CPJ II 158a)
	2.8 Requisitioning of Provincials
		(110) SEG XXVI 1392
		(111) P. London III 1171
		(112) PSI V 446
	2.9 Carrying the Crossbeam
		(113) Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 358–360
		(114) Plautus, Carbonaria, Frag. 2
		(115) Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 7.69.1–2
		(116) Chariton, Chaereas and Callirhoe 4.2.6–7
		(117) Plutarch, De sera numinis vindicta 9 (554A–B)
		(118) Artemidorus, Onirocriticon 2.56
	2.10 Titulus
		(119) Suetonius, Gaius Caligula 32.1–2
		(120) Suetonius, Domitianus 10.1
		(121) Cassius Dio, Historia Romana 54.3.7
Part 3. Crucifixion (D. W. Chapman)
	3.1 Introduction to the Study of Crucifixions
		3.1.1 Crucifixion, Bodily Suspension, and Issues of Definition
		3.1.2 Greek Terminology
			(122) Lucian, Prometheus 1–2
		3.1.3 Latin Terminology
			(123) Seneca, Epistulae 101.14
		3.1.4 Ante mortem and post mortem Suspension
			(124) Polybius, Historiae 1.86.4–7
			(125) Polybius, Historiae 5.54.3,6–7
		3.1.5 Shape of the Cross
			(126) [Pseudo-] Lucian, Iudicium vocalium 12
			(127) Epictetus, Diatribes 3.26.21–22
		3.1.6 Variations in Crucifixion Practices
			(128) Seneca, De consolatione ad Marciam (Dialogue 6) 20.3
			(129) Josephus, Bellum Judaicum 5.451
			(130) Tacitus, Annales 15.44
		3.1.7 Summary and Note on Translations
		3.1.8 Human Bodily Suspension in Broader Context
	3.2 Bodily Suspension in the Ancient Near East
		3.2.1 Old Babylonia
			(131) Code of Hammurabi §21 [col. 9a, lines 14–21]
			(132) Code of Hammurabi §153 [col. 9b, lines 61–66]
			(133) Code of Hammurabi §§226–227 [col. 19b, lines 36–55]
		3.2.2 Mari
			(134) Letter of Kibri-Dagan to Zimri-Lin (ARM 13.108) lines 12’–16’
		3.2.3 Egypt (Second Intermediate, New Kingdom, and Ptolemaic Periods)
			(135) Genesis 40:18–22; 41:12–13
			(136) Stele of Akhenaten at Buhen no. 1595, lines 6–12
			(137) Abydos Decree of Seti I at Nauri lines 74–80
			(138) Abydos Decree of Seti I at Nauri lines 104–109
			(139) Merenptah Nubian War Stele
			(140) The Abbott Papyrus (B.M. 10221) 6.9–20
			(141) The Abbott Papyrus (B.M. 10221) 5.5–8
			(142) Papyrus B.M. 10053 3.3–5
			(143) Papyrus B.M. 10052 7.1–8
			(144) Papyrus B.M. 10052 8.25–26
			(145) Papyrus B.M. 10052 10.1–4
			(146) Papyrus B.M. 10052 10.11–19
			(147) Papyrus B.M. 10052 11.14–22
			(148) Papyrus B.M. 10052 13.10–14
			(149) Papyrus B.M. 10052 14.1–5
			(150) Papyrus B.M. 10052 14.22–25
			(151) Papyrus B.M. 10052 15.16–18
			(152) Papyrus B.M. 10403 2.2–5
			(153) Memphis Decree of Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Rosetta Stone)
		3.2.4 Ugarit
		3.2.5 Assyria
			(154) Middle Assyrian Laws – Tablet A (§53, column 7, lines 92–105)
			(155) Annals A (A.0.101.1) of Ashurnasirpal II [col. I, lines 89–94]
			(156) Annals A (A.0.101.1) of Ashurnasirpal II [col. II, lines 103b–110a]
			(157) Annals A (A.0.101.1) of Ashurnasirpal II [col. III, lines 31b–33a]
			(158) Annals A (A.0.101.1) of Ashurnasirpal II [col. III, lines 83b–84a]
			(159) Annals A (A.0.101.1) of Ashurnasirpal II [col. III, lines 105–113a]
			(160) Shalmaneser III – Bronze Gates of Balawat (Band IV; BM 124658)
			(161) Shalmaneser III – Bronze Gates of Balawat (BM 124656)
			(162) Tiglath-pileser III – Relief from Nimrud (BM 118903)
			(163) Kalḫu Annals of Tiglath-pileser III [text 8, lines 4b–8a]
			(164) Kalḫu Annals of Tiglath-pileser III [text 20, lines 8´b–12´]
			(165) Summary Inscription 1 of Tiglath-pileser III [text 39, lines 8–11a]
			(166) Sennacherib’s Capture of Lachish (BM 124906)
			(167) Sennacherib Oriental Institute Prism H₂ [col. III, lines 8–17]
			(168) Stele Inscription of Sennacherib concerning the Royal Road [ll. 23–26]
			(169) Esarhaddon “Tablet 2” K 2852 + K 9662 (obverse, col. II, lines 10–13)
			(170) Rassam Cylinder of Ashurbanipal (col. I, line 134 – col. II, line 7)
			(171) Cylinder B of Ashurbanipal (col. I, line 95 – col. II, line 6)
			(172) Rassam Cylinder of Ashurbanipal (col. IX, lines 122–128)
		3.2.6 Assyria in Greek and Roman Sources
			(173) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 2.1.9–10 [Ctesias, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 1b 2.1.9–10]
			(174) Lucian, Juppiter confutatus 16
		3.2.7 Israel
			(175) Deuteronomy 21:22–23
			(176) Joshua 8:29
			(177) Joshua 10:26–27
			(178) 2 Samuel 4:9–12
		3.2.8 Philistia
			(179) 1 Samuel 31:8–13; 2 Samuel 21:12
		3.2.9 Persia and Media
			(180) Behistûn Inscription of Darius the Great (Babylonian version ll. 57–61)
			(181) Behistûn Inscription of Darius the Great (Babylonian version ll. 61–64)
			(182) Behistûn Inscription of Darius the Great (Babylonian version ll. 71–72,75–78)
			(183) Behistûn Inscription of Darius the Great (Babylonian version ll. 84–89)
			(184) Ezra 6:11–12
			(185) Esther 2:21–23
			(186) Esther 5:11–14
			(187) Esther 6:4
			(188) Esther 7:8–10
			(189) Esther 8:7
			(190) Esther 9:12–14, 25
		3.2.10 Persia and Media in Greek and Roman Sources
			(191) Herodotus, Historiae 1.128.1–2
			(192) Ctesias, Persica, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 9.6 (from Photius, Bibliotheca 72)
			(193) Ctesias, Persica, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 9a, lines 6–12 (from Joannes Tzetzes, Chiliades, 1.1.97–103)
			(194) Herodotus, Historiae 3.125.2–4
			(195) Herodotus, Historiae 3.132.1–2
			(196) Herodotus, Historiae 3.159.1
			(197) Herodotus, Historiae 4.43.2–3, 6
			(198) Herodotus, Historiae 4.202.1–2
			(199) Herodotus, Historiae 6.30.1–2
			(200) Aristotle, Politica 5.1311b (lines 35–39)
			(201) Thucydides, Historiae 1.110.2–3
			(202) Ctesias, Persica, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 14.39 (from Photius, Bibliotheca 72)
			(203) Ctesias, Persica, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 14.45 (from Photius, Bibliotheca 72)
			(204) Xenophon, Anabasis 3.1.17–18
			(205) Plutarch, Artaxerxes 17.5 [Ctesias, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 26.17.7]
			(206) Ctesias, Persica, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 16.66 (from Photius, Bibliotheca 72)
	3.3 Barbarians and Crucifixion according to Graeco-Roman Sources
		3.3.1 Gauls, Germani, Britanni
			(207) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 5.32.6
			(208) Cassius Dio, Historiae Romanae 54.20.4–5
			(209) Florus, Epitome 2.30.24 [4.12.24]
			(210) Tacitus, Germania 12.1–2
			(211) Tacitus, Annales 1.61.2–4
			(212) Tacitus, Annales 4.72.1–3
			(213) Tacitus, Annales 14.33.2
			(214) Cassius Dio, Historiae Romanae 62.7.1–3
			(215) Cassius Dio, Historiae Romanae 62.11.4–5
		3.3.2 Thracians and Pontians
			(216) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 33.15.1
			(217) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 34/35.12.1
			(218) Appian, Mithridatica 15.97 (§§449–451)
			(219) Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 9.2 ext. 3
		3.3.3 Taurians, Armenians, Scythians, and Indians
			(220) Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1422–1430
			(221) Appian, Mithridatica 12.84 (§378)
			(222) Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus, Historiae Philippicae 2.5.1–7
			(223) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 2.44.1–2
			(224) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 2.18.1–2 [Ctesias, FGH 3c 688 Frag. 1b. 18.1–2)
		3.3.4 Carthaginians
			(225) Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus, Historiae Philippicae 18.7.9–15
			(226) Polybius, Historiae 1.11.4–5
			(227) Polybius, Historiae 1.24.5–6
			(228) Appian, Sicelica 2.7–8 [2.3]
			(229) Polybius, Historiae 1.79.3–4
			(230) Polybius, Historiae 1.86.3–7
			(231) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 25.5.1–2
			(232) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 25.10.2
			(233) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 26.23.1
			(234) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 22.13.7–9
			(235) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 28.37.1–2
			(236) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 38.48.13
			(237) Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 2.7 ext. 1
			(238) Silius Italicus, Punica 1.144–154
			(239) Silius Italicus, Punica 1.165–184
		3.3.5 Numidians
			(240) Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum 14.15
			(241) Caesar, Bellum Africum 66
	3.4 Suspension and Crucifixion in Classical and Hellenistic Greece
		3.4.1 Suspension and Apotympanismos
		3.4.2 Classical Greece
			(242) Herodotus, Historiae 9.78–79
			(243) Herodotus, Historiae 7.33
			(244) Herodotus, Historiae 9.120.4
			(245) Plato, Republic 361e–362a
			(246) Plato, Gorgias 473b–d
			(247) Demosthenes, Oratio 21 (In Midiam) 105
		3.4.3 Examples from the Hellenistic Period
			(248) Q. Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 4.4.17
			(249) Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 18.3.18–19
			(250) Arrian, Anabasis 4.14.3–4
			(251) Plutarch, Alexander 55.9
			(252) Arrian, Anabasis 6.17.2
			(253) Q. Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 9.8.16
			(254) Arrian, Anabasis 6.30.1–2
			(255) Arrian, Anabasis 7.14.2–4
			(256) Plutarch, Alexander 72.3
			(257) Appian, Mithridates 2.8
			(258) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 18.16.2–3
			(259) Arrian, Historia successorum Alexandri (FGH 2b 156) Frag. 1.11 (from Photius, Bibliotheca 92)
			(260) [Pseudo-] Lucian, Macrobii 13
	3.5 Jewish Suspension and Crucifixion in the Hellenistic and Roman Eras
		3.5.1 Jewish Suspension and Deuteronomy 21:22–23
			(261) Deuteronomy 21:22–23
			(262) Early Greek Translations of Deuteronomy 21:22–23
			(263) Targumim on Deuteronomy 21:22–23
			(264) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 4.264–265
			(265) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 4.202
			(266) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 4.317
			(267) m. Sanhedrin 6:4–6 and Sifre Devarim §221
		3.5.2 Opposition to Crucifixion in Jewish Sources
			(268) Sifre Devarim §221 on Deuteronomy 21:22
			(269) Midrash Tannaim p. 132, lines 7–8
			(270) b. Sanhedrin 46b
		3.5.3 Transitions in Jewish Capital Law
			(271) m. Sanhedrin 7:1
			(272) Targum Ruth 1:17
			(273) Philo, De Aeternitate Mundi 20
		3.5.4 Ante Mortem Suspension in Jewish Sources
			(274) 11QTemple LXIV, 6–13
			(275) Philo, De Specialibus Legibus 3.151–152
		3.5.5 Historical Examples
			(276) Bereshit Rabbah 65:22
			(277) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 13.380–381, 383
			(278) 4QpNahum 3–4 i 1–9
			(279) Simeon b. Shetach Traditions
			(280) b. Baba Meṣ‘ia 83b
		3.5.6 Summary of Evidence and the Question of Jesus’ Crucifixion
	3.6 Victims of Crucifixion in the Roman Period
		3.6.1 Social Class
			(281) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.165–166
			(282) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.163
			(283) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.168
			(284) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.169
			(285) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.170–171
			(286) Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.6–7
			(287) Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.9
			(288) Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.12–13
			(289) Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.6
			(290) Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.58–59
			(291) Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.70
			(292) Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.112
			(293) Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.24
			(294) Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.26
			(295) Cicero Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo 3.10
			(296) Cicero Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo 4.11
			(297) Cicero Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo 4.13
			(298) Cicero Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo 5.16–17
			(299) Cicero Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo 10.28
			(300) Appian, Bella Civilia 3.1.3 [3.9]
			(301) Suetonius, Galba 9
		3.6.2 Slaves
			(302) Plautus, Mostellaria 348–361
			(303) Plautus, Mostellaria 55–57
			(304) Plautus, Mostellaria 69–71
			(305) Plautus, Mostellaria 741–744/745
			(306) Plautus, Mostellaria 1128–1134
			(307) Plautus, Aulularia 56–59
			(308) Plautus, Bacchides 358–365
			(309) Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 368–374
			(310) Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 182–184
			(311) Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 305–312
			(312) Plautus, Asinaria 545–557
			(313) Terence, Andria 616–625
			(314) Appian, Bella Civilia 4.4.29 [4.125–126]
			(315) Appian, Bella Civilia 4.5.35 [4.148]
			(316) Appian, Bella Civilia 4.10.81 [4.341–343]
			(317) Appian, Bella Civilia 5.8.70 [5.295]
			(318) Tacitus, Historiae 4.3
			(319) Tacitus, Historiae 4.11
			(320) Tacitus, Historiae 2.72
			(321) Juvenal, Saturae 6.219–224
			(322) Historia Augusta 8 [Pertinax] 9.10
			(323) Historia Augusta 18 [Severus Alexander] 23.7–8
		3.6.3 Slave Revolts
			(324) Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates romanae 5.51.3
			(325) Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates romanae 12.6.6
			(326) Appian, Bella Civilia 1.14.119 [1.553]
			(327) Appian, Bella Civilia 1.14.120 [1.557–559]
			(328) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.7
			(329) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.10–11
			(330) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.12
			(331) Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.14
		3.6.4 Criminals – General
			(332) Leges XII Tabularum 8.5 (Plinius, Nat. hist. 18.3.12)
			(333) Epitaph from Amyzon
			(334) Lex Libitinaria from Puteoli (AE 1971, 88) 2.8–14
			(335) Seneca, De Clementia [Dialogue 6] 1.23
			(336) Pauli Sententiae 5.17.2
			(337) Pauli Sententiae 5.21.4
			(338) Pauli Sententiae 5.21a.1–2 [Justinian, Digesta 48.19.38.pr–1]
			(339) Pauli Sententiae 5.22.1
			(340) Digesta 48.19.38.2
			(341) Pauli Sententiae 5.23.1 (Collatio 1.2.1–2; 8.4.1–2)
			(342) Pauli Sententiae 5.23.14–17
			(343) Pauli Sententiae 5.25.1
			(344) Pauli Sententiae 5.30b.1 (Collatio 14.2.1–2)
			(345) Historia Augusta 18 [Severus Alexander] 28.4–5
		3.6.5 Bandits and Brigands
			(346) Digesta 48.19.28.15
			(347) Apuleius, Metamorphoses 3.9.1–3
			(348) Firmicus Maternus, Mathesis 8.22.3
		3.6.6 Conquered Peoples in War
			(349) Appian, Mithridatic Wars 5.29 [113–114]
			(350) Appian, Bella Civilia 2.13.90 [377]
			(351) [Pseudo-] Caesar, De Bello Hispaniensi 20.5
		3.6.7 Rebels
			(352) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 22.33.1–2
			(353) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 33.36.1–3
		3.6.8 Military Deserters
			(354) Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 30.43.10–13
			(355) Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 2.7.12
			(356) Digesta 49.16.3.10
		3.6.9 Innocents, Heroes and Martyrs
			(357) Florus, Epitome 1.18 (2.2.25)
			(358) Strabo, Geographia 3.4.18
		3.6.10 Christians
			(359) Justin, Dialogus cum Tryphone 110.4
			(360) Tertullian, Ad nationes 1.18.1
	3.7 Crucifixion in Roman Judea–Palestine
		3.7.1 Suspension in Ancient Judea-Palestine
		3.7.2 Brigands in Judea
			(361) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.253
			(362) Mekilta, Shirata 7
			(363) Mekilta, Shirata 10
			(364) Pesikta de-Rab Kahana, suppl. ii.2
			(365) Ecclesiastes Rabbah 7.37 [21c] on Eccl 7:26
		3.7.3 Rebels in Judea
			(366) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.75; Antiquitates judaicae 17.295
			(367) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 20.102
			(368) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.241; Antiquitates judaicae 20.129
			(369) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 2.306–308
			(370) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 5.289
			(371) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 5.449–451
			(372) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 7.202–203
		3.7.4 Archaeology and Crucifixion
		3.7.5 Rabbinic Law and Roman Crucifixion
			(373) m. Ohalot 3:5
			(374) t. Giṭṭin 7[5]:1
			(375) m. Yebamoth 16:3
			(376) m. Šabbat 6:10
		3.7.6 Innocents, Heroes and Martyrs
			(377) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 12.255–256
			(378) Assumption of Moses 6.7–9
			(379) Assumption of Moses 8.1–5
			(380) Philo, In Flaccum 72
			(381) Philo, In Flaccum 83–84
			(382) Josephus, Bellum judaicum 3.320–321
			(383) Mekilta, Bachodesh 6 on Exod 20:3–6
	3.8 Methods and Practices of Bodily Suspension in the Roman Period
		3.8.1 Events Preceding the Cross
		3.8.2 Form and Functional Elements of the Cross
		3.8.3 Prolonged Suspension and Early Removal
			(384) Petronius, Satyricon 112
			(385) Semaḥot 2.11 [44b]
			(386) Josephus, Vita 420–421
	3.9 Crucifixion and the Actualization of Previous History and Myth
		3.9.1 Polycrates
			(387) Cicero, De Finibus 5.30.92
			(388) Philo, De Providentia 2.24 (Eusebius, Praep. 8.14.24–25)
			(389) Dio Chrysostom, Orationes 17.15 (“On Covetousness”)
			(390) Lucian, Contemplantes (Charon) 14
			(391) Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 6.9 ext. 5
		3.9.2 Prometheus
			(392) Arrian, Indica 5.10–11
			(393) Lucian, De Sacrificiis 6
		3.9.3 Biblical Suspension Narratives
			(394) Greek Text of Esther
			(395) Philo, De Josepho 96, 98
			(396) Philo, De Josepho 156
			(397) Philo, De Somniis 2.213
			(398) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 2.72–73
			(399) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 6.374
			(400) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 11.103
			(401) Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae 11.267
			(402) Targumim on Genesis 40:19
	3.10 Perceptions of Crucifixion in Graeco-Roman Literature
		3.10.1 Use in Philosophical Argument
			(403) Seneca, De Ira 3 (Dialogue 5) 3.6
			(404) Philo, De Posteritate Caini 25–27
		3.10.2 Use in Epigrams, Stories and Tales
			(405) Anthologia Graeca 11.192 (from Lucillius)
			(406) Chariton, De Chaerea et Callirhoe 3.4.18
			(407) Apuleius, Metamorphoses 1.15.4
			(408) Anthologia Graeca 9.378 (from Palladas)
		3.10.3 Use in Drama
			(409) Josephus, Antiquities 19.94–95
			(410) Suetonius, Gaius Caligula 57.3–4
			(411) Juvenal, Saturae 8.183–188
		3.10.4 Use in Public Spectacle Entertainment
			(412) Martial, Epigrammaton – Liber de spectaculis 7.1–12
		3.10.5 Dream Interpretation
			(413) Artemidorus, Onirocriticon 2.53
		3.10.6 Vulgar Taunts, Curses, and Jests
			(414) Plautus, Stichus 625–629
			(415) Plautus, Captivi 469–470
			(416) Plautus, Amphitryon 1034A–B
			(417) Plautus, Asinaria 940–941
			(418) Plautus, Aulularia 517–522
			(419) Plautus, Aulularia 628–633
			(420) Plautus, Bacchides 583–586
			(421) Plautus, Bacchides 899–904
			(422) Plautus, Casina 89–96
			(423) Plautus, Casina 415–416
			(424) Plautus, Casina 611–613
			(425) Plautus, Casina 641–645
			(426) Plautus, Casina 973–978
			(427) Plautus, Curculio 610–612
			(428) Plautus, Curculio 693–695
			(429) Plautus, Menaechmi 63–66
			(430) Plautus, Menaechmi 326–330
			(431) Plautus, Menaechmi 848–850
			(432) Plautus, Menaechmi 910–916
			(433) Plautus, Menaechmi 1017–1020
			(434) Plautus, Mostellaria 849–851
			(435) Plautus, Persa 292–295
			(436) Plautus, Persa 349–354
			(437) Plautus, Persa 794–798
			(438) Plautus, Persa 853–857
			(439) Plautus, Poenulus 271–274
			(440) Plautus, Poenulus 343–347
			(441) Plautus, Poenulus 491–497
			(442) Plautus, Poenulus 510–512
			(443) Plautus, Poenulus 779–795
			(444) Plautus, Poenulus 796–800
			(445) Plautus, Poenulus 1306–1309
			(446) Plautus, Pseudolus 326–335
			(447) Plautus, Pseudolus 829–830, 836–847
			(448) Plautus, Pseudolus 1179–1183
			(449) Plautus, Pseudolus 1294–1295
			(450) Plautus, Rudens 174–180
			(451) Plautus, Rudens 516–518
			(452) Plautus, Rudens 1065–1072
			(453) Plautus, Rudens 1160–1162
			(454) Plautus, Trinummus 595–599
			(455) Terence, Eunuchus 382–385
			(456) Terence, Phormio 367–371
			(457) Terence, Phormio 542–544
			(458) Anthologia Graeca 11.230 (from Ammianus)
			(459) Petronius, Satyricon 58.2
			(460) Petronius, Satyricon 126.9
			(461) Pompeii Graffito (CIL IV, 2082)
			(462) Palatino Graffito
List of Illustrations
	Fig. 1 (Shalmaneser III, Bronze Gates of Balawat, BM 124658)
	Fig. 2 (Shalmaneser III Bronze Gates of Balawat, BM 124656)
	Fig. 3 (Tiglath-pileser III, Relief vom Nimrud, BM 118903)
	Fig. 4 (Sennacherib’s Capture of Lachish, BM 124906)
	Fig. 5 (Jehoh. anan, Giv‘at ha-Mivtar, Reconstructions)
	Fig. 6 (Puteoli Graffito)
	Fig. 7 (Palatino Graffito, CIL IV 2082)
Bibliography
Index of Ancient Sources
	I. Old Testament
	II. New Testament
	III. Ancient Near Eastern Texts
	IV. Second Temple Jewish Literature, Qumran, Josephus
	V. Rabbinic Literature, Midrashim, Targumim
	VI. Greek and Roman Authors
	VII. Inscriptions and Papyri
	VIII. Early Christian Literature
Index of Modern Authors
Index of Subjects