The Transformation of the Media System in Turkey: Citizenship, Communication, and Convergence

Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 The Media in Turkey: A Brief Overview
	1.2 Theoretical Framework and Methods
	1.3 The Structure of the Book
		1.3.1 Chapter 2: Nation, Media and Communicative Space
		1.3.2 Chapter 3: Politics, Media and Citizenship in Modern Turkey
		1.3.3 Chapter 4: Europeanisation Reforms and Early AKP Era
		1.3.4 Chapter 5: New Media and Politics of Communicative Citizenship
		1.3.5 Chapter 6: Re-structuring the Media System and Convergence
		1.3.6 Chapter 7: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Nation, Media and Communicative Space
	2.1 Media, Citizenship and Diversity
	2.2 Subnational, Regional and Ethnic Minority Media in Europe
	2.3 European Provision in Minority Protection and Cultural Rights
	2.4 Alternative Media, New Technologies and Citizenship
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Politics, Media and Citizenship in Modern Turkey
	3.1 The Citizenship Regime of the Early Republican Period
	3.2 Media in the 1960s and 1970s
	3.3 The 1980 Coup and Its Impact on Media Freedom
	3.4 ‘Speaking Turkey!’: ‘Deregulation of Broadcasting and Increasing Media Diversity in the 1990s
	3.5 The Rediscovery of Diverse Citizenship: Multicultural Heritage and Minority Media
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Europeanisation Reforms and Early AKP Era
	4.1 Introduction of Broadcasting in Different Languages
	4.2 TRT Speaks Kurdish!
	4.3 Non-Muslim Minority Media during the Europeanisation Reform Period
	4.4 Second Term of AKP (2007–2011): Towards De-Europeanisation
		4.4.1 The Birth of Pro-AKP Media
		4.4.2 Increasing Media Autocracy and Media Capture
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: New Media and Politics of Communicative Citizenship
	5.1 The Gezi Park Protestors
	5.2 Citizen Journalism in Gezi
	5.3 Social Media Use, Motivations and Self-Perceptions
	5.4 Citizen Journalists and Algorithmic Power
	5.5 Citizen Journalism in the Post-Gezi Context
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Restructuring of the Media System and New Media Convergence
	6.1 Increased Media Capture and the Coup Attempt
	6.2 Entrepreneurial Journalism or Mainstreaming of the Digital?
	6.3 Born-Digital News Platforms by Veteran Journalists
		6.3.1 Diken
		6.3.2 Medyascope
	6.4 Fact-Checkers as (Social) Entrepreneurs
	6.5 News Academies and Training Platforms
		6.5.1 TGS Projects: Journo and TGS Academy
	6.6 Turkish Language Sections of Foreign Broadcasters
	6.7 New Generation of Digital Media Enterprises
	6.8 Mainstreaming of the Digital Media?
	6.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Conclusion
	7.1 Citizenship, Diversity and Modernisation
	7.2 Europeanisation, De-Europeanisation and Media Capture
	7.3 Convergence, Citizenship and Participation
	7.4 Economic and Technological Convergence in Journalism
	7.5 Towards a New Media System?
	References
Appendix
	Media Ownership Structure in Turkey
	Interview List
Index