The Thirty Years War, 1618 - 1648: The First Global War and the end of Habsburg Supremacy

Cover
Book Title
Copyright
Contents
Introduction
	Madrid and Vienna, two coup d’etat
	The Defenestration of Prague 23 May 1618
	Background to the Holy Roman Empire
Chapter I
 The Naval and Economic Challenge to the Habsburg Imperium
	The Ottoman challenges
	Challenges within and without the Empire before 1600
	New intellectual and religious challenge to Universal Christendom’s political order
	Nationalism and identity politics
	The ‘perceived’ Habsburg threat
	Civil war and the dynamics of intervention; fear, the security dilemma, and balance of power
Chapter II Habsburg Domains, Ferdinand and the Defenestration of Prague
	Internal development of Spanish politics, 1600–1621
	Olivares
	Olivares’s policy
	Spain; financing, social and economic problems
	Spanish politics and foreign policy, 1619–21
	Defenestration of Prague
	Ferdinand II
	The Dutch economy, 1600–1648: military-industrial complex
Chapter III The Thirty Years War: Military Developments in the Thirty Years War 1618–1634
	From Vienna to the White Mountain and the wars of the interveners
	Wallenstein
	Wallenstein and war finance
	The grudging acceptance of the offer, 17 April 1626
Chapter IV Gustavus: the War in the Baltic
	Gustavus Adolphus
	Baltic War
Chapter V The Emergence of France, the Edict, Wallenstein and the Mantuan War
	Richelieu’s policies and political developments, 1620–27
	The Edict of Restitution 1629
	Louis XIII
	Cardinal Richelieu: Machiavelli’s disciple
	Duchesse de Chevreuse
	The concept of frontiers and contrasting world views of ‘devot’ and
Gallicans
	The Mantuan War and the dismissal of Wallenstein
	France, Italy, and the Huguenots and the development of French foreign policy
	‘Day of the Dupes’: Three in a room – Turning point in the fight against Habsburg Dominion
Chapter VI The Dutch Front and Naval War
	The Dutch front
	Naval War
Chapter VII Gustavus Invades Germany
	Enter Gustavus: Germany 1628–32
	Swedish economy, military-industrial complex – sinews of war, 1600–1648
	The Swedish army
	Battle of Breitenfeld 1631
	Gustavus’s march to the Rhine
	Richelieu’s vexation with his maverick ally
	Gustavus rampant
Chapter VIII Wallenstein Returns and the Battle of Lutzen
	The return of Wallenstein: Gustavus falls off the critical path
	Götterdämmerung
Chapter IX Wallenstein’s fall, Oxenstierna and the Peace of Prague
	Oxenstierna takes power and the fall of Wallenstein
	Spanish reaction to the Swedish occupation of the Rhine valley
	Journey to Nordlingen May 1634–Sept 1634
	Another Spanish army crosses the Alps, 1634
	Wheel of fortune; The battle of Nordlingen, 6 September 1634
	Dutch campaigns 1633–4 and reactions to the Battle of Nordlingen
	Dutch war financing
	The war of Smolensk and the Swedish loss of Prussian tolls, 1632–1635
	Oxenstierna’s odyssey, and the end of the Heilbronn League, September 1634–May 1635
	The Peace of Prague, 30 May 1635
	Spanish policy and the progress of the Imperial armies, 1634–5
Chapter X France Declares War and the Dutch Alliance
	Richelieu sends a herald to Brussels, 5 April 1635
	Pre-emptive onslaught, Battle of Avin May 1635
	Fault lines: Franco–Dutch campaign, summer 1635
	The Rhineland
	Rohan’s Swiss campaign, the Valtellina, 1635
Chapter XI Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Defects and the Swedish Army Mutiny
	Recruiting Saxe-Weimar, 1635
	The ‘Gunpowder Convention’ and the French alliance, August 1635– February 1636
	Saxon disillusion and decline, 1635–6
	The Hessian ‘long march’ 1636 and relations with the Dutch and French
	Imperial-Bavarian financing of war 1618–1648
Chapter XII French Economic and Military Mobilisation
	The French economy and war finance, 1618–1648
	Social stress
	War on the home front
	French army and military efficiency 1635
	France: Recruitment and officers and the changing role of Europe’s nobility
	State development and ‘absolutism’
	French nobility, constitutional crisis, role in warfare, and modern military state 1629–1632
	Richelieu’s regime of terror
	Invasion of France: the year of ‘Corbie’, 1636
	Rohan’s Swiss campaign and the Valtellina: 1636
Plates
Chapter XIII Swedish Recovery and theEmergence of Hesse
	The Dutch Front and the English Channel, 1636
	Baner’s masterpiece: Swedish recovery
	Battle of Wittstock 4 October 1636
	Death of Ferdinand II February, 1637
	Ferdinand III
	Baner’s campaigns 1636–1641
	Campaigns in Europe 1637
	Amelia of Hesse
	Landgravine Amelia of Hesse holds out, 1637–1639
Chapter XIV Saxe-Weimar Breaks Out and the Battle for the ‘Spanish Road’
	Campaigns in Europe 1638
	Dutch debacle at Kallo 22 June 1637
	Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
	Battle of Rheinfelden, February 1638
	Consequences of Rheinfelden and the serendipity of war, March1638– April 1638
	The Breisach campaign and siege, April–December 1638
	The battle of Poligny 18 June 1638 and war in Franche-Comté
	The battle of Wittenwier, 9 August 1638
	Battles for the siegeworks October 1638
	The surrender of Breisach, 17 December 1638
	Cutting the Spanish Road: Consequences
	Death of Saxe-Weimar, 1638–1639
	England’s last eccentric intervention February 1637–October 1638
Chapter XV Global War
	Dutch and English attacks on Spain’s Empire
	The Portuguese Empire and trading riches
	The Habsburg Asian Empire
	War in the Atlantic, South America and Caribbean 1618–1640
	Fortresses on the Spanish Main
	War in the Caribbean 1620–1641
	Sugar and slaves
	Bahia 1624–1625
	The battles for El Mina and the Gold Coast 1600–1625
	Luanda and ‘The Heart of Darkness’
	Mozambique and Mombasa
	End of Imperium
Chapter XVI Stalemate on Land; Dutch Supremacy at Sea and Prelude to Revolution
	The Pyrenees front 1637–1640 and siege of Salces
	Military stalemate, Flanders and Germany, 1639
	Spain’s fleet 1630–1640
	The Battle of the Downs, 18 September to 21 October, 1639
	Dunkirkers: Spanish maritime raiders 1630–1646
	Campaign in Germany 1640 and Amelia returns home
	The Artois–Luxembourg front, the siege of Arras, 1640
	Dutch campaign 1640
	Regensburg Diet, Campaigns in 1641 and Baner’s last hurrah
	Soissons rebellion, Battle of La Marfee, 9 July 1641
	The Dutch-French land campaign, 1641
Chapter XVII Iberian Revolutions and the Fall of Olivares
	The revolutionary road: Catalan revolt May 1640
	Revolution in Catalonia 1640–1642
	The secession of Portugal, December 1640
	Spain’s economic problems 1640s
	The fall of Olivares, January 1643
Chapter XVIII Origins of Peace
	Origins of the Peace of Westphalia, 1640–1643
	Sweden’s negotiating issues, pressures for peace, 1636–1642
	Dutch moves towards peace, 1640–1646
	Spain sues for peace, 1640
	Bavaria’s need for peace, 1636–1640
	The Emperor considers peace
	France: Peace talks and revolt 1636–1639
	Hesse and German supplicants at Westphalia
	Other interests at Westphalia
Chapter XIX Enter Torstensson and Mazarin,Italy and Habsburg Exhaustion
	Mazarin, the gambler
	Mazarin’s progress to power 1634–1639
	Savoy: a small state’s struggle for survival, 1635–1640 and the war in Italy
	Savvy Christina of Savoy and the war in Italy 1638–1641
	De Campion’s transition into high politics and misdemeanours
	The Cinq Mars affair, usual suspects, and the Death of Richelieu, 1642
	French military and political triumph in Savoy 1641–1643
	Interregnum, death of Louis XIII, Mazarin and Anne of Austria consolidate power
	Anne of Austria
	Power struggle at court
	Massacre of the Tercios: Battle of Rocroi, 19 May 1643
	Consequences
	Dutch campaign 1643
	The battle of Tuttlingen, military masterclass by Franz von Mercy, November 1643
	The Bavarian army and postscript to Tuttlingen
	Torstensson identity: Enter the ‘artilleryist’, 1641–1645
	The German campaign in balance 1641; Brandenburg makes peace
	Torstensson’s invasion of the Hereditary lands, 1642
	The invasion of Moravia and capture of Olomouc, June 1642
	Torstensson’s retreat to Silesia and Saxony, July–November 1642
	Torstensson supremacy: Second Battle of Breitenfeld, 2 November1642
	The strategic outcome of the battle of Second Breitenfeld
	Torstensson’s campaign in 1643
Chapter XX Torstensson’s War and the Invasion of Denmark
	Torstensson’s ultimatum: The Swedish-Danish war, 1643–1645:
causes
	‘Torstensson’s War’: Swedish war aims 1636–1642
	The invasion of Denmark and the War at Sea, 1643–44: OpeningGambits
	Disquiet amongst the anti-Imperialist alliance, 1644
	Baltic Naval strategy
	Gallas; ‘the army wrecker’ and last hope for the Danes, 1644
	Transylvania stirs again
	The Baltic naval war and Torstensson at bay July 1644: Middle Game
	Military manoeuvres in Jutland and Holstein
	Naval battle of Ferman, 23 October 1644
	Gallas’s long retreat autumn-winter 1644: Endgame
	The Peace of Bremsebro, 1644: Checkmate
	The accession of Queen Christina of Sweden, her character andpolicy, 1644
Chapter XXI War and Peace: Mazarin, France and Sweden Ascendant
	Turenne
	The ‘Great’ Condé, duc d’Enghien
	The five-day battle of Freiburg, August 1644
	The siege of Philippsburg, August 1644
	The French and Dutch attack on Gravelines and Sas-van-Ghent,1644
	The Battle of Jankov, Bohemia, 7 March 1645
	Advance to Vienna, March 1645
	Diplomatic tremors after Jankov, June to August 1645
	Imperialist popular mobilisation, Spring 1645
	The battle of Mergentheim (Herbsthausen), May 1645
	After Jankov: Joining Rákóczy and the siege of Brno, April–August 1645
	Battle of Allerheim, 3 August 1645
	In Flanders field 1645
	Diplomatic consequences for the Peace of Imperial defeats in 1645
Chapter XXII Setting up the Conference 1643–1645
	The delegations
	Main issues at the conferences 1645
Chapter XXIII Peace and the End ofHabsburg Supremacy in Europe
	Germany 1646–1648
	The Dutch triumph
	Peace at last, October 1648
	Bohemia betrayed
	Last fighting
	End of the Habsburg Imperium
Chapter XXIV Postscript: The Struggle for the Mastery of Europe and European Identity
	Europe and hegemony; the struggle to master Europe
Notes
Index
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