The Theory of Mind Under Scrutiny: Psychopathology, Neuroscience, Philosophy of Mind and Artificial Intelligence (Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning, 34)

Contents
Part I: Fundamental Issues in ToM and New Perspectives
	Chapter 1: Interdisciplinary Debates and Approaches on TOM, AI, and Language
	Chapter 2: An Introduction to Theory of Mind: Fundamental Concepts and Issues
		2.1 Theory of Mind: Definition and Concept
		2.2 The Development of Theory in Mind in Children
		2.3 Individual Differences in ToM
		2.4 Theory of Mind in Non-Human Animals
		2.5 Cognitive Processes Related to Theory of Mind
		2.6 Other Factors Related to the Development of ToM
		2.7 How Has Theory of Mind Been Tested?
		2.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: A Mental Files Theory of Mind: How Children Represent Belief and Its Aspectuality
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Children´s Developing Understanding of the Aspectuality of Belief
		3.3 Mental Files
		3.4 A Mental Files Account of Children´s Developing Understanding of Aspectuality of Belief
		3.5 A Challenge for Mental Files Theory
			3.5.1 PAR Account
			3.5.2 Pragmatic Account
			3.5.3 Discussion of the Knowledge and TB Error
		3.6 General Discussion
		References
Part II: Pathologies Associated with ToM
	Chapter 4: Theory of Mind and Reading
		4.1 Reading Comprehension and Theory of Mind
			4.1.1 Inference-Making: A Core Process for Reading Comprehension
		4.2 Theory of Mind as a Component of Reading Comprehension: Studies in Typical Population
		4.3 Theory of Mind and Reading Comprehension in Atypical Population
			4.3.1 Theory of Mind and Reading Comprehension in Population with ASD
			4.3.2 Theory of Mind and Reading Comprehension in Population with DRH
		4.4 Conclusions, Limitations, Research Gaps, and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 5: Theory of Mind and Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Assessment and an Overview of Impairments in Neuropsychiatric D...
		5.1 Theory of Mind: Conceptual Background
		5.2 Assessment of Theory of Mind
			5.2.1 Assessment of Theory of Mind Early Manifestations
				5.2.1.1 Assessment of First-Order Beliefs
				5.2.1.2 Assessment of Second-Order Beliefs
			5.2.2 Assessment of Higher-Order beliefs: Advanced Tasks for Theory of Mind
			5.2.3 Assessment of Affective Theory of Mind
			5.2.4 Assessment of Theory of Mind and other related constructs
		5.3 Theory of Mind in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
			5.3.1 Autism Spectrum Disorder
			5.3.2 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
			5.3.3 Bipolar Disorders
			5.3.4 Depressive Disorders
			5.3.5 Social Anxiety Disorder
			5.3.6 Eating Disorders
			5.3.7 Borderline Personality Disorder
			5.3.8 Theory of Mind in Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders
				5.3.8.1 Theory of Mind in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
				5.3.8.2 Theory of Mind in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder
				5.3.8.3 Theory of Mind in Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders
			5.3.9 Theory of Mind in Suicide Behavior Disorder
		5.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Theory of Mind in Autism: From a Primary Deficit to Just Mutual Misunderstanding?
		6.1 What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
		6.2 A Cognitive Explanation for Autism
		6.3 The Beginnings of the Theory-of-Mind Account of Autism
			6.3.1 Sally and Anne: The First Test
			6.3.2 Is It Specific to Mental States?
			6.3.3 From False Belief to `True´ Belief, or Knowledge and Ignorance
			6.3.4 Second-Order False-Belief Tasks
		6.4 Advanced Theory of Mind Tasks
			6.4.1 The ``Strange Stories´´ Task
			6.4.2 ``Reading the Mind in the Eyes´´ Task
			6.4.3 The Animations Task
		6.5 What If It Is Not the Theory of Mind But the Executive Function?
		6.6 What If It Is Language?
		6.7 `Pretending´ Theory of Mind: Compensation and Camouflaging
		6.8 When the Theory-of-Mind Deficit Happens to Everyone: The Double Empathy Perspective
		6.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Theory of Mind After Acquired Brain Injury: Basic Aspects, Evaluation and Intervention
		7.1 Brief Introduction to Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
			7.1.1 Intro & Demographics
			7.1.2 Risk Factors
			7.1.3 Types of TBI According to Severity
		7.2 Symptoms and Implications of ABI
			7.2.1 Symptoms Affecting Physical, Motor, Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Domains
		7.3 Social Cognition in Acquired Brain Injury
			7.3.1 Introduction to the Social Brain
				7.3.1.1 Social-Perception Network and ABI-Related Deficits
				7.3.1.2 Mirror Network: ABI-Related Deficits in Action-Perception and Simulation
				7.3.1.3 Emotional Network: ABI-Disrupted Responses to Affective Stimuli
				7.3.1.4 Mentalizing Network: ABI-Related Deficits in ToM
		7.4 Relationship Between ToM and Cognitive Processes
			7.4.1 The Role of Executive Function (EF)
			7.4.2 Self-Awareness (SA)
			7.4.3 Communicative Abilities
		7.5 How to Assess ToM in ABI: Tools and Scales
			7.5.1 Tools and Scales for ToM Assessment
				7.5.1.1 Self-Report Questionnaires
				7.5.1.2 Scales and Test
		7.6 Specific Interventions in ToM in ABI Patients
		7.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: Theory of Mind in Children Who Are Deaf: The Importance of Early Language and Conversational Access
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Theory of Mind Assessment
		8.3 Children Who are Deaf with Deaf Parents (CDDP)
		8.4 Children Who are Deaf with Hearing Parents (CDHP)
		8.5 ToM in Children with Cochlear Implants
		8.6 Early Communication Interactions
		8.7 Supporting ToM Development in CDHP
		8.8 Future Research
		8.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Analyzing the Dynamics Between Theory of Mind, Speech Disorders, and Brain Rewiring in Aphasia
		9.1 Linguistic Alignment and Theory of Mind
		9.2 The Neural Basis of Theory of Mind (ToM)
			9.2.1 The Anatomical Hypothesis of Theory of Mind
			9.2.2 The Neurochemical Hypothesis of Theory of Mind
			9.2.3 The Motor Theory of Social Cognition
		9.3 Neuroplasticity
		9.4 Pragmatic Awareness that Precludes the Expression of ToM Reasoning: The Right Hemisphere
		9.5 Hypothesis: An Integrated Theory of Perception and Production in Language
		9.6 The Role of Language in Theory of Mind: Insights from Aphasia and Adult Development
			9.6.1 Language Is a Bilateral System in the Human Brain
			9.6.2 The Frontal and Prefrontal Cortex (Executive Functions) Are Decisive for ToM
			9.6.3 Insights from Aphasia
		References
	Chapter 10: Sleep and Its Disorders: When ToM Is Not Awake
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 The Science of Sleep
		10.3 Polysomnographic Scoring
		10.4 Sleep Requirements: How Much Sleep Is Required?
		10.5 Sleep Disorders
		10.6 Sleep and the COVID Pandemic
		10.7 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
		10.8 Narcolepsy
		10.9 Sleep Wake Rhythm Disorders
		10.10 Restless Legs Syndrome
		10.11 Parasomnias
		10.12 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Hypotalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axes and Their Relationship with Stress, Mood, Personality, and Neurocognitive...
		11.1 The Limbic System
		11.2 The Hypothalamus
		11.3 Regulation of Pituitary Secretion
		11.4 Physiological Effects of Glucocorticoids
		11.5 Circadian Rhythm of ACTH
		11.6 Stress Response
		11.7 Cortisol and Its Relationship on Stress, Mood, Personality, and Cognitive Functioning
		References
Part III: ToM from the Perspective of Philosophy of Mind
	Chapter 12: What We Are for Us, What We Are for Others: Consciousness and Identity
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Consciousness: A Formal Definition
			12.1.2 Consciousness: A Mythical Origin
			12.1.3 Consciousness: Philosophical Roots
		12.2 Science and Consciousness: An Overview
			12.2.1 Neural Correlates of Consciousness (NCC)
			12.2.2 Integrated Information Theory (IIT)
			12.2.3 Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT)
			12.2.4 Recurrent Processing Theory (RPT)
			12.2.5 Synchrony Theory (ST)
			12.2.6 Higher-Order Theories (HOT)
			12.2.7 Predictive Coding Theory (PCT)
			12.2.8 Embodied Theory (ET) or Embodied Cognition (EC)
			12.2.9 Attention Schema Theory (AST)
			12.2.10 Temporo-Spatial Theory of Consciousness (TTC)
			12.2.11 Conclusion
		12.3 Brain and Consciousness: An Overview
			12.3.1 Cognitive and Integrative Theories: Frontal vs Posterior Regions
				12.3.1.1 Frontal Regions: Cognitive Theories of Consciousness
				12.3.1.2 Posterior Regions: Integrative Accounts for Consciousness
					Integration Information Theory
					Recurrent Processing Theory and Synchrony Theory
			12.3.2 The Whole Brain Consciousness: Processing Accounts for Consciousness
		12.4 The Land of the Self, the Land of the You: The Default Mode Network, the Land of Us
			12.4.1 What Is the Default Mode Network
			12.4.2 Anatomy of the DMN
			12.4.3 The DMN and the Conscious Self
			12.4.4 The DMN as a Sense-Making Network
			12.4.5 The DMN and the Shared Life, the Social Being
		12.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: The Mind-Body Problem: An Overview of Proposed Solutions
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 Mind-Body Problem and Theory of Mind
		13.2 Origin of the Mind-Body Problem
		13.3 Definition of the Problem
		13.4 Proposed Solutions
			13.4.1 Dualist Solutions
				13.4.1.1 Substance Dualism
				13.4.1.2 Property Dualism
			13.4.2 Monisms
				13.4.2.1 Dual-Aspect Theories
				13.4.2.2 Idealism
				13.4.2.3 Neutral Monism
				13.4.2.4 Mind/Brain Identity Theory
				13.4.2.5 Anomalous Monism
				13.4.2.6 Eliminativism
				13.4.2.7 General Physicalism
			13.4.3 Beyond Monisms and Dualisms
				13.4.3.1 Emergentism
				13.4.3.2 Functionalism
				13.4.3.3 Panpsychism
		13.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Do I Really Believe That? A Mindreading Account of Belief Self-Ascription
		14.1 Preface
		14.2 The Evolution of Interactions and Mindreading
		14.3 Theories of Mindreading
		14.4 Self-Ascription
		14.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 15: Study of the Theory of Mind (ToM) Through the Japanese Philosophy
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 The ToM in Japan According to the Japanese Philosophy
			15.2.1 Confucianism
			15.2.2 Taoism
			15.2.3 Buddhism
			15.2.4 Shintoism
			15.2.5 Zen
		15.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 16: Content and Process in the Brain. Implications for Clinical and Educational Approaches
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Symbolic Language in the Brain
		16.3 Neural Networks
		16.4 Brain Processing Information as a Dynamic System
		16.5 The Bayesian Brain
		16.6 Compositional Model of the World
		16.7 Synopsis of Content and Process
		16.8 Clinical and Educational Implications
		16.9 Neurophysiology of Content Vs Neurophysiology of Process. A Preliminary Tentative Hypothesis
		References
Part IV: ToM from the Perspective of Language
	Chapter 17: Language, Mind and Thought: A General Overview
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Language and Thought
			17.1.2 Anatomical Architecture for Language and Thought
		17.2 The Theory of Mind (ToM)
		17.3 Pathological Implications in ToM: Aphasia
		17.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 18: Relations Between Bilingualism and Theory of Mind, a Neurologic Challenge. From the Bilingual Advantage to a New A...
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Types of Bilingualism
		18.3 Relation Between Bilingualism and ToM
		18.4 Theory of Mind. Brief Definition
		18.5 Tasks to Assess ToM
		18.6 Theories About ToM
		18.7 Two Decades of Research. From the Identification of Bias to the Survey of Analysis
		18.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 19: Processes of Early Language Acquisition and Its Implications for ToM in Autistic Children
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
		19.3 ToM
		19.4 ToM and the Role of Language
		19.5 The Role of Internal State Talk in Children´s ToM Development
		19.6 Disruption of Language Development in Autistic Children
		19.7 Hemispheric Specialization and the Language Abilities of Autistic Children
		19.8 Hypersensitivity and Language Learning
		19.9 Communication Challenges in the Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
		19.10 Role of Language in ToM Research: The Path Ahead
		19.11 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Gendered Theory of Mind: A Linguistic and Literary Approach
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Sex/Gender Paradigm
		20.3 Language
		20.4 ToMming Animals and Things
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
Part V: ToM from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence
	Chapter 21: Data-Driven Vs Model-Driven Approaches in Cognitive Speech Processing
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Methodological Considerations: MD Vs DD Approaches
		21.3 Study Case Based in the Model-Driven Inversion
			21.3.1 Vocal Tract Estimation and Cancellation
			21.3.2 Vocal Fold Biomechanical Description
			21.3.3 Neuromechanical Activity Estimation
		21.4 A Convolutional Neural Network with Auditory Receptive Fields
		21.5 Classification Results
		21.6 Discussion
		21.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 22: The Social Machine: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Approaches to Theory of Mind
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Cognitive-Based and Black-Box Algorithms
		22.3 Cognitive-Based Models
			22.3.1 Models Inferring Constructs Related to the Reward Function
			22.3.2 Models Trying to Infer Constructs Related to the World Model
			22.3.3 Models Trying to Infer Constructs Related to the Reward Function and to the World Model at the Same Time
		22.4 Black-Box Algorithms
			22.4.1 ToMnet
			22.4.2 Language Models
		22.5 Bio-Inspired Models of ToM
		22.6 ToM and Connectionism
			22.6.1 Embodying Cognition in Humanoid Robots
		22.7 Neural Basis of ToM: Neuroimaging
		22.8 Brain Inspired Computational Models
		22.9 A Social Robot: Real World Applications of ToM Computational Models
		22.10 Types of AI ToM Systems
			22.10.1 Emotional AI
			22.10.2 Speech-Based Systems
			22.10.3 Biometry
		22.11 Leading Applications
			22.11.1 Healthcare
			22.11.2 Self-Driving Cars and Driver Assistance
			22.11.3 Workplace
			22.11.4 Education
			22.11.5 Marketing
			22.11.6 Gaming
		22.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 23: Theory of Mind in Artificial Intelligence Applications
		23.1 Theory of Mind
		23.2 ToM in Artificial Intelligence
		23.3 ToM in Apps
		23.4 Conclusions
		References