The Strontium Molecular Lattice Clock: Vibrational Spectroscopy with Hertz-Level Accuracy (Springer Theses)

Supervisor\'s Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Quantum Clocks in a Nutshell
	1.2 Ultracold Molecules as Clocks and Sensors
	1.3 Molecular Quantum Science at the Dawn of the 2020s
	1.4 Outline of this Thesis
	References
2 Molecular Structure and Production of Ultracold 88Sr2 in an Optical Lattice
	2.1 88Sr Atomic Structure and Laser Cooling
	2.2 88Sr2 Molecular Structure and Selection Rules
		2.2.1 Molecular Term Symbols
		2.2.2 Ground Electronic Potential asymptoting to 1S0+1S0
		2.2.3 Excited Electronic Potentials asymptoting to 1S0+3P1
	2.3 Photoassociation and Photofragmentation
		2.3.1 Narrow-Line Photoassociation (State Preparation)
		2.3.2 State-Selective Photofragmentation (Detection)
	2.4 Optical Lattice Trap
		2.4.1 The Optical Dipole Force
		2.4.2 One-Dimensional Optical Lattice
		2.4.3 Tight Confinement in a 1D Lattice
		2.4.4 Carrier and Sideband Transitions, the Lamb-Dicke Regime
		2.4.5 Carrier Thermometry
	References
3 Frequency Comb Assisted Spectroscopy of the States X1Sg+, (1)0u+, and (1)1u
	3.1 Spectroscopy Laser System
		3.1.1 Master Laser, and the Pound-Drever-Hall Technique
		3.1.2 Optical Frequency Comb, and the Lab Time Base
	3.2 Toy Model of Light–Molecule Interactions
		3.2.1 Rotating Wave Hamiltonian
		3.2.2 Lindblad Master Equation
	3.3 One-Photon Spectroscopy, the Scattering Lineshape
	3.4 Two-Photon Raman Spectroscopy
		3.4.1 Far Detuned Limit, Effective Rabi Frequency, and Rabi Oscillations
		3.4.2 Weak Probe Limit, Dark Resonance, and Autler-Townes Doublet
	3.5 Results and Analysis
		3.5.1 X1Sg+
		3.5.2 0u+
		3.5.3 1u
		3.5.4 Morse/Long-Range Potentials for (1)1u and (1)0u+
	3.6 Spectroscopy Tables
	References
4 Ultracold 88Sr2 Molecules in the Absolute Ground State
	4.1 An Intuitive Description of Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP)
	4.2 Finding a Two-Photon Pathway
		4.2.1 Molecular Transition Strengths (General Discussion)
		4.2.2 X to (1)0u+ Transition Strength Measurements
	4.3 Creation of X(0,0) Molecules Using STIRAP
		4.3.1 STIRAP in Free Flight
		4.3.2 STIRAP in a Magic Wavelength Optical Lattice
	4.4 Ultracold Reactive Chemistry with Molecules of Spinless Nuclei
		4.4.1 Collisions of Ultracold 88Sr2 Molecules in the Absolute Ground State
		4.4.2 Two-Body Loss Rate
		4.4.3 Losses in Other Ultracold Molecules
	References
5 Terahertz Vibrational Molecular Clock
	5.1 Polarizability and Transition Strengths
		5.1.1 Preliminary Comments
		5.1.2 Scalar, Vector, and Tensor Polarizabilities
		5.1.3 Clock State Polarizability Formula
	5.2 Lattice Clock Architecture
	5.3 Molecular Magic Wavelength Protocol
		5.3.1 Near-Resonant Magic Wavelengths
		5.3.2 X to (1)1u Transition Strength Measurements
		5.3.3 Clock State Lifetimes
	5.4 Vibrational Molecular Clock
		5.4.1 Clock Scheme and Fiber Noise Cancellation
		5.4.2 Basic Concepts from Statistics, and the Frequency Measurement Chain
	5.5 Systematic Evaluation, and General Methodology
	5.6 Sources of Systematic Error
		5.6.1 Lattice Light Shift
		5.6.2 Probe Light Shift
		5.6.3 Blackbody Radiation Shift
		5.6.4 Density Shift
		5.6.5 Other Clock Systematics
	5.7 Absolute Frequency Evaluation
	5.8 The Dissociation Energy of 88Sr2
	5.9 Conclusion and Outlook
	References