The State of the Planet: Frontiers and Challenges in Geophysics

The State of the Planet: Frontiers and Challenges in Geophysics......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
FOREWORD......Page 9
INTRODUCTION......Page 10
QUANTUM MECHANICAL SIMULATIONS......Page 11
The High P Structure of Fe......Page 13
The High P Melting of Fe......Page 14
THE COMPOSITION ANDTEMPERATURE OF THE CORE......Page 15
POSSIBLE STRUCTURE OF THE INNER CORE......Page 17
REFERENCES......Page 19
1. BASIC GEODYNAMO THEORY......Page 22
2. HISTORY OF DYNAMO MODELING......Page 23
3. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 24
4. MODEL RESULTS......Page 25
5. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELS......Page 29
REFERENCES......Page 31
INTRODUCTION......Page 34
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF A DEEP THERMOCHEMICALBOUNDARY LAYER......Page 35
OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE TCBL......Page 37
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 45
INTRODUCTION......Page 51
WAVESPEED VARIATIONS AND HETEROGENEITY REGIMES......Page 56
UPPERMOST MANTLE......Page 57
SUBDUCTION......Page 58
LOWER MANTLE......Page 59
DISCUSSION......Page 61
APPENDIX?RADIAL CORRELATION PROPERTIES OF TOMOGRAPHIC MODELS......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 64
2. THE MANTLE SEEN BY GEOPHYSICISTS......Page 66
3. GEOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS......Page 68
4. PHYSICS OF MIXING......Page 69
5. A WHOLE MANTLE MARBLE CAKE MODEL......Page 71
6. TOWARD THERMOCHEMICAL CONVECTION......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
Melting of Fertile Peridotite With Variable Amounts of H2O......Page 76
ANHYDROUS PERIDOTITE MELTING......Page 77
APPLICATION TO EQUILIBRATION OF WET MELTS WITH LHERZOLITE......Page 83
CONCLUSIONS......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 88
2. INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH EARTHQUAKES AND SLAB STRUCTURE......Page 89
3. MANTLE WEDGE STRUCTURE......Page 91
4. DEEP, LOW-FREQUENCY TREMORS AND MICROEARTHQUAKES......Page 94
6. ALONG-ARC VARIATION OF ARC MAGMATISM......Page 95
7. SUMMARY......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
INTRODUCTION......Page 101
EVIDENCE FOR HIGH VOLATILE CONTENTS IN ARC MAGMAS......Page 102
MAGMATIC COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION......Page 104
RECYCLING AT CONVERGENT MARGINS......Page 106
COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 115
2.1. Magmatic Volatiles......Page 116
2.3. Porphyry Ore Deposits......Page 117
3.1. Phase Changes Resulting from Decompression......Page 118
3.2. Degassing-induced Changes in Magma Rheology......Page 120
4.1. Styles of Degassing......Page 121
4.2. Physical Controls on Open-system Degassing......Page 122
4.3. Degassing and Explosive Eruptions......Page 123
4.4. Degassing and Effusion of Lava Flows and Domes......Page 124
4.5. Degassing Determined by Rates of Magma Ascent......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
a. How volcanic eruptions affect weather and climate......Page 131
b. Reasons to study the volcanic impacts on climate......Page 133
2. OUTSTANDING RESEARCH PROBLEMS......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 138
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 141
2. AIRBORNE GRAVIMETRY AND GRADIOMETRY......Page 143
3. NEW INERTIAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGY......Page 146
4. GRAVITATIONAL SIGNALS......Page 148
5. SUMMARY......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 151
EARTH\'S MAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT......Page 153
MAGNETIC SATELLITE MISSIONS......Page 156
CORE FIELD MODELING USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS......Page 158
INDUCTION STUDIES USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS......Page 160
CONCLUSIONS......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 164
INTRODUCTION......Page 166
ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING FROM SPACE......Page 168
GNSS SURFACE REFLECTIONS......Page 174
OCCULTATION / REFLECTION SYNERGY......Page 177
THE BLACKJACK OCCULTATION RECEIVER......Page 178
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 182
2. SEASONAL CHANGES IN LOADS......Page 183
3. SYNTHESIS......Page 190
4. DISCUSSION......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 199
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 202
2. ESTIMATING CHANGES IN TOTAL WATER STORAGE USING GRACE......Page 203
3. SOIL MOISTURE REMOTE SENSING......Page 205
4. REMOTE SENSING OF TERRESTRIAL SURFACE WATERS......Page 207
5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 210
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 213
2. WIDE-SWATH ALTIMETRY WITH RADAR INTERFEROMETRY......Page 216
3. SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS......Page 220
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 229
2 RIVERS IN THE GLOBAL WATER CYCLE......Page 232
3 FUTURE WORLD WATER RESOURCES......Page 235
4 THE VIRTUAL WATER TRADE......Page 238
5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
INTRODUCTION......Page 242
PRESENT STATE OF CRYOPSHERE......Page 243
CHANGES IN THE 20TH CENTURY......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 258
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 261
2. SMALL-SCALE OCEANIC PROCESSES......Page 263
3. STABILITY OF THE GLOBAL OCEANCIRCULATION......Page 264
4. CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR......Page 266
5. POSSIBLE PATHS FORWARD......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
INTRODUCTION......Page 270
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 271
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 278
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 280
2. THE UVIC EARTH SYSTEM CLIMATE MODEL......Page 281
3. CLIMATE OVER THE LAST 135,000 YEARS......Page 284
4. THE COUPLING BETWEEN AAIW AND NADW......Page 290
5. NADW UNDER A WARMING CLIMATE......Page 291
6. FUTURE CHALLENGES......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 298
2. INTEGRATED GLOBAL SYSTEM MODEL......Page 299
3. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS......Page 302
4. ASSESSMENT OF POLICIES......Page 303
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
1. ANALYZING HUMAN-CLIMATE INTERACTION......Page 307
2. RESEARCH FRONTIERS: THE INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGE......Page 309
3. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS: THE INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE......Page 313
4. CLOSING THOUGHTS......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 317
2. DYNAMICAL SYSTEM APPROACH......Page 318
3. SCALING AND MULTIFRACTAL APPROACHES......Page 321
4. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
DEFINITIONS......Page 335
\"NORMAL\" PROPERTIES OF EARTHQUAKES......Page 336
GENERAL COMMENTS ON METHODOLOGY......Page 338
TIME-DEPENDENT FORECASTING......Page 339
The Seismic Gap Model......Page 340
Chaos......Page 342
EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORS......Page 343
Successful Prediction of the Haicheng Earthquake?......Page 344
STRESS EVOLUTION......Page 346
DISCUSSION......Page 347
REFERENCES......Page 348
INTRODUCTION......Page 349
FIRST PRIORITY IS THE REINFORCEMENT OF OUR HOUSES......Page 350
FIRST PRIORITY IN SCIENCE IS SHORT-TERM PREDICTION......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 357
INTRODUCTION......Page 359
VOLCANIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS......Page 360
PREDICTION AND FORECASTING......Page 361
MONTSERRAT: CASE STUDY IN FORECASTING,PREDICTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 362
STATISTICS IN VOLCANOLOGY......Page 367
MODELLING STRATEGIES IN VOLCANOLOGY......Page 369
THE STATE OF A VOLCANIC PLANET......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 374
2. DEFINITIONS OF RISK AND SUSTAINABILITY......Page 375
4. SCENARIO CONSTRUCTION......Page 376
5. UNCERTAINTIES IN SCENARIOS......Page 378
6. CONSEQUENCES......Page 379
7. VULNERABILITY......Page 380
8. RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
INTRODUCTION......Page 385
SEISMICITY INDUCED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES......Page 386
EXTRACTION OF MINERALS......Page 387
SUBSIDENCE DUE TO FLUID REMOVAL......Page 388
URBAN LANDSLIDES......Page 392
CONCLUSIONS......Page 393
REFERENCES......Page 394
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 396
2. URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE......Page 397
3. THE URBAN CLIMATE AND BIOCLIMATE......Page 399
CLIMATE-CONSCIOUS URBAN DESIGN......Page 401
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406