The Soils of Ethiopia

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	Abstract
	1.1 Background
	1.2 Land Resources
	1.3 Soil Forming Factors
	1.4 Soil Classification
	1.5 Soil Diversity
	1.6 Threats to Soils
	1.7 Soils and Climate
	1.8 Roadmap of Agriculture in Highland Soils
	1.9 Land Ownership and Land Use Policy
		1.9.1 Land Ownership
		1.9.2 Land Use Policy
	1.10 Land Evaluation
	1.11 Land Use Planning
	1.12 Conclusions
	References
2 History of Soil Education and Research
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Soil Science Education
		2.2.1 The Start of Agricultural Education and Its Expansion
		2.2.2 The Launch of Graduate Programs in Soil Science
	2.3 Establishment of Agricultural Research Systems
		2.3.1 Institute of Agricultural Research and Research Centers
		2.3.2 Establishment of Field Trials
		2.3.3 Soil Conservation Research
		2.3.4 Establishment of National Soil Laboratory
		2.3.5 Recent Advances—Digital Soil Mapping
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
3 Climate
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Climate of Ethiopia
		3.1.2 Climate, Soil Formation, and Development
		3.1.3 Soil as a Climate Regulator
	3.2 Climatic-Soil Variability
		3.2.1 Spatial Rainfall Variability and Soil Moisture Regime
		3.2.2 Spatial Air Temperature Variability and Soil Thermal Regime
	3.3 Agroclimatic Zones and Soil
		3.3.1 Agroclimatic Zones of Ethiopia
		3.3.2 Agroclimatic Zone Versus Soil Type
		3.3.3 Agroclimatic Zone Versus Soil Properties
	3.4 Climate Impact on Soil
		3.4.1 Physical Impact
		3.4.2 Chemical Impact
		3.4.3 Biological Impact
	3.5 Soil for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
		3.5.1 Increasing Soil Health as Climate Change Adaptation
		3.5.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential as Climate Change Mitigation
		3.5.3 Climate Change and Soil Resilience
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4 Geology and Geomorphology
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Geological Distribution
		4.2.1 Precambrian Rocks
		4.2.2 Paleozic and Mesozoic Sedimentary Rocks
		4.2.3 Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks
		4.2.4 Quaternary Colluvial, Alluvial, and Lacustrine Deposits
	4.3 Major Geologic Structures
	4.4 Geology and Soil
	4.5 Geomorphology
	4.6 Geomorphology and Soil
	4.7 Geopedology
	4.8 Conclusions
	References
5 Soil Classification
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 History of Soil Classification in Ethiopia
	5.3 Soil Classification Systems
		5.3.1 World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil Resources
		5.3.2 Soil Taxonomy
		5.3.3 Indigenous Soil Classification Systems
	5.4 Correlation of Soil Classification Systems
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Major Soil Types
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 History and Extent of Soil Survey
		6.2.1 Pioneer Soil Survey Initiatives
		6.2.2 Soil Survey in Major River Basins, Sub-Basins, and Development Corridors
		6.2.3 The Present Soil Survey Missions: Ethiopian Soil Information System (EthioSIS) and Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) Efforts
	6.3 The Soil Maps at Different Times
		6.3.1 Pre-1975 Soil Maps
		6.3.2 The Geomorphology Period
		6.3.3 Recent National Soil Mapping Initiatives
		6.3.4 Regional and Global Soil Maps Layering
	6.4 State Factors
	6.5 Soil Forming Processes
		6.5.1 Pedogenetic Processes
		6.5.2 Geogenetic Processes
	6.6 Soil Types
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
7 Soil Properties
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Morphological Characteristics
	7.3 Physical Properties
		7.3.1 Principles
		7.3.2 Soil Texture
		7.3.3 Bulk Density
		7.3.4 Particle Density
		7.3.5 Porosity
		7.3.6 Soil Hydraulic Properties
			7.3.6.1 Soil–Water Characteristic/Retention Curve
	7.4 Soil Chemical Properties
		7.4.1 Principles
		7.4.2 Soil Reaction (Acidity/Alkalinity)
		7.4.3 Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation
		7.4.4 Soil Salinity and Sodicity
	7.5 Soil Organic Carbon and Biological Properties
		7.5.1 Principles
		7.5.2 Soil Organic Carbon Status of Ethiopian Soil
		7.5.3 Soil Biological Properties
		7.5.4 Soil Microbiology Studies
			7.5.4.1 Rhizobial Bacteria Symbiotic and Genetic Diversity
			7.5.4.2 Soil Fungi
			7.5.4.3 Soil Algae
	7.6 Soil Mineralogy and Clay Minerals
	7.7 Conclusions
	References
8 Soil Fertility and Soil Health
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Soil Fertility
		8.2.1 Principles
		8.2.2 Soil Chemical Fertility Status Under Agroecologies
	8.3 Soil Quality and Soil Health
		8.3.1 Principles
		8.3.2 Soil Quality and Soil Functions
		8.3.3 Soil Quality Indicators
		8.3.4 Soil Quality and Soil Health Status in Ethiopia
	8.4 Soil Sustainability and Soil Resilience
		8.4.1 Principles
		8.4.2 Soil Sustainability
		8.4.3 Soil Resilience
		8.4.4 Relationship Between Soil Resilience and Sustainability
		8.4.5 Policy Implications of Soil Sustainability and Resilience
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9 Soil Management
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Use and Management of Major Soils
		9.2.1 Leptosols, Cambisols, and Regosols
		9.2.2 Vertisols
		9.2.3 Luvisols
		9.2.4 Nitisols, Alisols, Acrisols, and Lixisols
		9.2.5 Fluvisols
		9.2.6 Calcisols, Gypsisols, and Solonchak
	9.3 Soils with Special Management Requirement
		9.3.1 Soils on Sloppy Lands
		9.3.2 Acid Soils
		9.3.3 Salt-Affected Soils
		9.3.4 Sandy Soils
		9.3.5 Volcanic Ash Soils
		9.3.6 Soil and Water Management in Drylands
	9.4 Integrated Soil Fertility Management
		9.4.1 Principles and Practices
		9.4.2 Components of ISFM and Their Integration
		9.4.3 Application of ISFM Within the Ethiopian Context
		9.4.4 The ISFM+ Project
		9.4.5 Effects of Adopting ISFM in Ethiopia
	9.5 Challenges and Opportunities for Managing Restoration of Soil Health
		9.5.1 Challenges for Managing Restoration of Soil Health
		9.5.2 Opportunities for Managing and Restoration of Soil Health
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
10 Land Evaluation and Land Use Planning
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Need for Land Evaluation
	10.3 History of Land Evaluation
	10.4 Basics of Land Evaluation
		10.4.1 Spatial Entity for Land Evaluation
		10.4.2 Major Kinds of Land Use and Land Utilization Types (LUTs)
		10.4.3 Land Characteristics, Land Qualities, and Diagnostic Factors
		10.4.4 Land Use Requirements and Limitations
		10.4.5 Suitability Classification and Cartographic Spatialization
	10.5 Principles, Scales, Data Sources, and Approaches of Land Evaluation
		10.5.1 Principles of Land Evaluation
		10.5.2 Scale of Land Evaluation
		10.5.3 Sources and Datasets for Land Evaluation
		10.5.4 Approaches to Land Evaluation
	10.6 Land Evaluation Practices
		10.6.1 Overview
		10.6.2 Land Evaluation Practices at River Basin Level
		10.6.3 Land Evaluation for Integrated Land Use Planning
	10.7 Land-Use Planning
		10.7.1 Concepts and Applications
		10.7.2 Land Use System
		10.7.3 Land-Use Planning Practices at National Level
		10.7.4 Land Use Planning Practices at the Local Level
	10.8 Challenges and Opportunities
		10.8.1 Constraints of Land Evaluation
		10.8.2 Opportunities to Promote and Realize Land Evaluation
	10.9 Conclusions
	References
11 Soils and Society
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Soil Resource and Human Interactions
		11.2.1 Principles
		11.2.2 Population Growth Nexus Soil Degradation
		11.2.3 Health Cares
		11.2.4 Impact of Land Use Types on Soil Fertility Degradation
		11.2.5 Management-Induced Degradation of Soils
		11.2.6 Rain-Fed Agriculture
		11.2.7 Degradation of Soils in Irrigated Agriculture
		11.2.8 Soil Pollution
	11.3 Civilization, Soil Fertility and Wealth
		11.3.1 Soils and Civilization
		11.3.2 Fertile Soils and Wealth
	11.4 Soils in Relation to Human Nutrition and Health
		11.4.1 Principles
		11.4.2 Soils and Human Nutrition
		11.4.3 Soils and Human Health
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Soil and Industry
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Multiple Soil Functions
	12.3 Soil Stabilization with Pumice in Road Construction
	12.4 Soil Based Products
		12.4.1 Bricks and Tiles
		12.4.2 Household Utensils and Earthenware
	12.5 Industrial Use of Soils and Clays
		12.5.1 Zeolite in Soils
		12.5.2 Bentonite Clays
		12.5.3 Kaolin
	12.6 Nanoclay Technology
	12.7 Impact of Industry on Soils
	12.8 Conclusions
	References
13 Future/Emerging Soil Issues
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Direction in Soil Science Education
	13.3 Direction in Soil Science Research
		13.3.1 Development of Soil and Agronomy Data Portals
		13.3.2 Development of Data Standardization Guidelines
		13.3.3 Standardization of Field Data Collection
		13.3.4 Standardization of Laboratory Procedures
		13.3.5 Advanced Approaches and Tools for Data Collection and Analysis
		13.3.6 Recommendation from DST, Targeted and Area-Based Experiments
	13.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Advances in Soils
		13.4.1 Challenges
		13.4.2 Opportunities
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Appendix_1
Index