The Soils of Brazil

328612_1_En_OFC
328612_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF
	Foreword
	Preface
	Contents
328612_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	1 A Brief History of Brazilian Soil Science
		Abstract
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Pre-history and the Native Indian’s Legacy
		1.3 Soils as Described After the Pre-Colombian Contact
			1.3.1 The Portuguese Conquistadores
			1.3.2 The Colonial Period: Brazilian Soils Are Cultivated for Profit with no Environmental or Social Concern
			1.3.3 The Travels of Rodrigues Ferreira in the Amazon: A Brazilian Scientific Masterpiece Before Humboldt’s Travels
			1.3.4 The Great Journey of Martius and Spix (Between 1817 and 1820)—Soil Observers
			1.3.5 The German Baron de Eschwege and His “Pluto Brasiliensis”
			1.3.6 Saint-Hilaire and an “Intuitive Pedology”
			1.3.7 Pre-pedology of the Imperial Phase (Burton, Hartt, Teodoro Sampaio, Costa Sena)
		1.4 Foundation of Research Institutes and Schools
		1.5 The Brazilian Soil Science Society (SBCS)
		1.6 A National Soil Classification System (SiBCS)
		1.7 Final remarks
		Appendix 1
		References
328612_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	2 The Making of Brazilian Soilscapes: A Geosystemic Vista on Neotropical Pedology
		Abstract
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Geology, Landform, and Soils: A Brazilian Synthesis
		2.3 Cratons: The Oldest, Stable Continental Crusts
			2.3.1 The Amazon Craton (AC)
			2.3.2 São Francisco Craton (SFC)
		2.4 Mobile Belts: Mountains and Hills on Folded and Faulted Terrains
			2.4.1 Atlantic Mobile Belt
			2.4.2 Brasília-Tocantins Mobile Belt
			2.4.3 Northeast Mobile Belt
		2.5 Paleozoic Sedimentary Basins: Old Horizontally Bedded Marine Basins
			2.5.1 Amazon Basin
			2.5.2 Paraná Basin
			2.5.3 Parnaíba Basin (PBB)
		2.6 Meso-Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins: Tectonic Features of the Last 250 MA Following the South Atlantic Opening and Landmass Continentalization
			2.6.1 The Brazilian Relief: A Cenozoic Heritage After the Opening of the South Atlantic
			2.6.2 The Cretaceous Cover: Vast Sandstone Sedimentary Continental Deposits Contemporary to the Brazil–Africa Break-Up
			2.6.3 The Cenozoic: Deep Saprolites and the Barreiras Group
		2.7 Pedodiversity and The Structural Provinces
		2.8 Quaternary: Climate Changes and Soil Paleoclimate Legacies
			2.8.1 Paleo-Latossolos and Paleoenvironments
			2.8.2 Soils with Humic Horizons
			2.8.3 Latossolos (Ferralsols) from the Tablelands of Semi-arid Northeastern
			2.8.4 Gleissolos (Gleysols) and Organossolos (Histosols) in Well-Drained Areas
			2.8.5 Goethization (Yellowing or Xanthization) of Surface Soils
			2.8.6 Soil Polychromy: Soils with Two or More Colors in a Single Layer
			2.8.7 Cangas—Plinthites and Petroplinthites: Fossil Pleistocene Soils
			2.8.8 Relict Na-Affected Soils in Wet Areas
			2.8.9 Soils with Evidences of Carbonates Removal and Petrocalcic Horizon Degradation
		2.9 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Brazil
		2.10 Final Remarks
		Appendix 1
		References
328612_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	3 The Soil Regions: A Framework for Stratifying the Brazilian Soilscapes
		Abstract
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Brazilian Amazonia
		3.3 The Cerrado Central Plateau
		3.4 The Semiarid Soils of Caatinga at Northeastern Brazil
		3.5 The Atlantic Forest Soils
		3.6 Soils of the Coastal Tablelands
		3.7 Soils of Pantanal: The Largest Continental Wetland in the Tropics
		3.8 Subtropical Soils of the Southern Araucarias Highland Plateau
		3.9 Temperate Soils of the Pampa Gaúcho: The Prairies of Southern Brazil
		3.10 The Campos Rupestres: Rocky Landscapes at Old Brazilian Mountains
		3.11 The Unique Soils of the Brazilian Volcanic Islands
		3.12 The Restingas: Quaternary Sandy Coastal Pedoenvironents
		3.13 Mangroves Along the Brazilian Coast
		Reference
328612_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	4 Soils from Brazilian Amazonia
		Abstract
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Well-Drained Lands of the Middle and Low Amazon River and Tributaries
			4.2.1 The Indian Black Earths: Dispersed Fragments of Rich Anthropogenic Soils in the Amazon Valley
		4.3 Holocene Floodplains of Rich White Water Rivers: Purus, Juruá, and Amazonas
		4.4 Rio Negro: The Black River Basin with Sandy Soils
		4.5 Upper Amazonas—Solimões Basin
		4.6 Acre Sedimentary Basin
		4.7 Islands of Savanna (Roraima, Amapá, Tiriós, Humaitá, and Monte Alegre)
		4.8 Highlands of Roraima
		4.9 Dissected Plateau on Crystalline Rocks
		4.10 Highlands of Rondônia
		4.11 Carajás Region and Southeastern Amazon
		4.12 The Amazon Coastal Areas and Marajó Island
		4.13 Synthesis of the Amazonian Soils
		References
328612_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	5 Soils of Cerrados, the Brazilian Savannas
		Abstract
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Cerrado Domain and Its Environment
			5.2.1 Climate
			5.2.2 Geology and Landforms
			5.2.3 Vegetation and Physiognomies
			5.2.4 The Factors of Cerrado Formation and Landscape Evolution
			5.2.5 Soils
				5.2.5.1 Main Factors Limiting Plant Development
			5.2.6 Soil Classes
				5.2.6.1 Latossolos (Ferralsols)
				5.2.6.2 Argissolos (Acrisols, Lixisols, Alisols)
				5.2.6.3 Cambissolos (Cambisols)
				5.2.6.4 Neossolos (Fluvisols, Leptosols, Arenosols, Regosols)
				5.2.6.5 Plintossolos (Plinthosols)
				5.2.6.6 Gleissolos (Gleysols, Stagnosols)
				5.2.6.7 Organossolos (Histosols)
				5.2.6.8 Chernossolos (Phaeozems, Kastanozems, Chernozems)
		5.3 Land Use Aspects
		References
328612_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	6 Semi-arid Soils of the Caatinga Biome of Northeastern Brazil
		Abstract
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Soils
		6.3 General Soil-Landscape Relationships
		6.4 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	7 Soils from the Atlantic Forest
		Abstract
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Vegetation
			7.1.2 Climate
			7.1.3 Geology
			7.1.4 Landforms
			7.1.5 General Pedology
			7.1.6 Brief Land Use History
		7.2 General View on Soils of the Atlantic Forest (North to South)
			7.2.1 Southern Bahia—Vitória Da Conquista to Ilhéus
			7.2.2 Sea-of-Hills of the Mantiqueiras and Rio Doce Basin: The Atlantic Forest Devastated by Coffee Plantation
				7.2.2.1 The Mantiqueira Highlands
				7.2.2.2 Lowland Plateau
			7.2.3 The Highest Mountains of the Atlantic Forest, on Granulitic Rocks
			7.2.4 The Seasonal Sectors of the Atlantic Forest: The Mid-Paraíba do Sul Tectonic Valley
			7.2.5 The Serra do Mar Granitic/gneiss Mountains: Eroded Soils of Steep Slopes
			7.2.6 Atlantic Forest Soils at the Western Transition with Cerrado: The Gentle Dissected Plateau of São Paulo
			7.2.7 Islands of Unusual Soils Within the Atlantic Forest Biome
		7.3 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	8 Soils of the Coastal Tablelands Under Atlantic Forest (Tabuleiros Costeiros)
		Abstract
		8.1 Coastal Tablelands
		8.2 The Barreiras Group: The Most Extensive Continental Deposit in the Brazilian Coastal Environment
		8.3 Soil Cohesion
		8.4 The Espodossolo (Podzols) with Cemented Layers on Sandy Depressions
		8.5 Main Soils of Coastal Tablelands
		8.6 Latossolo Amarelo (Ferralsols)
		8.7 Argissolo Amarelo (Acrisols)
		8.8 Espodossolo (Podzols)
		8.9 Other Soils: Neossolo Quartzarênico (Arenosols) and Argissolo Acinzentado (Acrisols)
		8.10 Plintossolo (Plinthosols)
		8.11 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	9 Soils of Pantanal: The Largest Continental Wetland
		Abstract
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 The Limits of Pantanal Biome
		9.3 The Origin and Evolution of Pantanal Depression
		9.4 Environmental Characterization
			9.4.1 Geology and Landforms
			9.4.2 Vegetation
			9.4.3 Land Use
			9.4.4 Climate and Hydrological Regime
		9.5 Pantanal Soils: Diverse, Unique
			9.5.1 The Physical Nature
			9.5.2 Wetland Soils: Water Saturation and Redoximorphic Features
		9.6 Pedogenetic Processes in Pantanal Soils
			9.6.1 Paludization
			9.6.2 Gleying and Laterization
			9.6.3 Salinization and Solodization
			9.6.4 Argiluviation and Podzolization
		9.7 Distribution of the Main Classes of Soils
			9.7.1 The Soils of Northern Pantanal
			9.7.2 Soils of Middle Pantanal
			9.7.3 The Soils of the Southern Pantanal
		9.8 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	10 Soils of the Southern Araucaria Highlands
		Abstract
		10.1 The Araucaria Highland Plateau
		10.2 The Mixed Ombrophilous Forest
		10.3 Natural History of the Araucaria Forest
			10.3.1 Araucaria angustifolia
		10.4 Geology of the Araucaria Plateau
		10.5 Climate of the Araucaria Plateau
		10.6 Soils of the Araucaria Highland Plateau
		10.7 Rio Grande do Sul
		10.8 Latossolos Vermelhos
		10.9 Latossolos Brunos
		10.10 Nitossolos Vermelhos
		10.11 Cambissolos Húmicos e Hísticos
		10.12 Neossolos Litólicos
		10.13 Argissolos Bruno Acizentados
		10.14 Santa Catarina State
		10.15 Soils on Volcanic Rocks of Serra Geral Formation
		10.16 Soil of the Highland Plateaux (São Joaquim, Curitibanos)
		10.17 Soils of the Campo Erê Plateau
		10.18 Soils on Sedimentary Rocks
		10.19 Paraná State
		10.20 First Plateau
		10.21 Second Plateau
		10.22 Third Plateau
		10.23 The Mineralogy of the Soils of Araucaria Plateau
		References
328612_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	11 Soils of Pampa Gaúcho, the Mixed Prairies of Southern Brazil
		Abstract
		11.1 Historical Background of the Pampas
		11.2 Natural Grasslands and Fields in the Rio Grande Landscape
		11.3 Pampas, Campanha, Pradarias (Praires): Biome or Domain?
		11.4 General Characterization of the Southern Mixed Prairies Region
		11.5 Climate
		11.6 Geology and Geomorphology
		11.7 Vegetation
		11.8 Pampas as a Polycyclic Landscape: Coexistence of Grass Fields and Ombrophilous Forest
		11.9 Overview on the Soils of the Mixed Prairies (Pampas) of Southern Brazil
		11.10 Soils of the Uruguaiana Plateau
		11.11 Soils from the Coxilha de Santana Sector
		11.12 Neossolos Litólicos (Lithic Leptosols) Chernossólicos (Chernic) and Carbonáticos (Carbonatic), and Neossolos Regolíticos Eutrófico Léptico (Leptic Eutric Regosols)
		11.13 Vertissolos Ebânicos Órticos (Vertisols) and Vertissolos Ebânicos Órticos Carbonáticos (Vertisols (Carbonatic))
		11.14 Chernossolos (Chernozems): Ebânico Carbonático (Carbonatic) or Órtico Vertissoólico (Vertic)
		11.15 Planossolos Háplicos Eutróficos Solódicos (Eutric Planosols)
		11.16 Soils from the Itaqui and São Borja Sectors
		11.17 The Itaqui Sector (Coxilha do Maçambará)
		11.18 Plintossolos Argilúvicos (Plinthosols (argic)) Eutrófico (Eutric), Alumínico and Álico (Alic)
		11.19 Luvissolos Háplicos (Luvisols) Plíntico (Plinthic) and Típico (Haplic)
		11.20 Other Soils from the Itaqui Sector
		11.21 Soils from the São Borja Sector (Coxilha do Espinilho)
		11.22 Neossolos Litólicos Eutróficos (Eutric Lithic Neosols)
		11.23 Soils of the Ibicuí-Rio Negro River Depression
		11.24 Soils from the Santana do Livramento,–Alegrete – Manuel Viana–São Francisco de Assis Sector
		11.25 Latossolos Vermelhos Distróficos Típicos Textura Média (Haplic Dystric Ferralsol (Arenic))
			11.25.1 Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órtico (Arenosol)
		11.26 Argissolos Vermelhos Distrófico (Acrisol) Arênico (Arenic) and Abrúptico (Abruptic)
		11.27 Soils from the Cacequi, São Pedro do Sul and Rosário do Sul Sector
			11.27.1 Argissolos Vermelhos Distróficos (Acrisol) and Argissolos Vermelhos Distróficos Alumínicos (Alisol), Arênico (Arenic) and Abrúptico (Abruptic)
		11.28 Argissolo Bruno-Acinzentado (Alisols (Umbric))
		11.29 Luvissolo Háplico Pálico and Luvissolo Háplico Órtico (Haplic Luvisols)
		11.30 Plintossolo Argilúvico (Dystric Plinthosols (Argic)) and Plintossolo Argilúvico Alumínico (Dystric Plinthosols (Alic))
		11.31 Planossolos Háplicos Eutróficos Gleissólicos (Eutric Planosols (Gleyic))
		11.32 Gleissolo Háplico Distrófico (Dystric Gleysols), and Gleissolo Háplico Eutrófico (Eutric Gleysols)
		11.33 Soils from the São Gabriel—Dom Pedrito–Bagé—Aceguá Sector
		11.34 Luvissolos Crômicos (Cromic Luvisol) and Luvissolos Háplicos (Haplic Luvisols)
		11.35 Chernossolos Ebânicos Òrtico Vertissólico (Haplic Chernozem (Umbric, Vertic)) and Chernossolos Ebânicos Carbonático Vertissólico (Chernozem (Umbric, Carbonatic, Vertic))
		11.36 Chernossolo Argilúvico Órtico (Haplic Chernozem (Argic)) and Chernossolo Argilúvico Carbonático (Haplic Chernozem (Carbonatic))
		11.37 Vertissolos Ebânicos Órtico Chernossólico (Haplic Vertisol (Umbric, Chernic)) and Vertissolos Ebânicos Carbonáticos Chernossólico (Vertisol (Umbric, Carbonatic, Chernic))
		11.38 Planossolos Háplicos Vertissólico (Haplic Vertisol (Vertic)) and Planossolo Háplico Gleissólico (Haplic Vertisol (Gleyic))
			11.38.1 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	12 Soils of Campos Rupestres (Rupestrian Grasslands) of the Old Brazilian Mountain Ranges
		Abstract
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Soils Associated with Rupestrian Grasslands Complexes
			12.2.1 Ibitipoca State Park and Serra do Cipó National Park—Proterozoic Quartzites and Old Mountains
			12.2.2 Roraima Table Mountain: The Tepuis of North Amazonia
			12.2.3 The Endemic Rupestrian Grasslands on Ironstone in the Iron Quadrangle (Quadrilátero Ferrífero)
				12.2.3.1 Serra do Gandarela National Park
			12.2.4 The Highland Fields of Itatiaia: The Brazilian Rupestrian Paramos
		12.3 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	13 Soils of the Brazilian Volcanic Islands
		Abstract
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Its Soils
		13.3 The Trindade Island and Its Soils
		13.4 The Abrolhos Archipelago and Its Soils
		13.5 The Archipelago of São Pedro e São Paulo and Its Soils
		13.6 Ornithogenic Soils and Phosphatization in Brazilian Oceanic Islands
		13.7 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	14 Soils of Restingas
		Abstract
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 The Restingas
			14.2.1 Geology, Geomorphology, and Vegetation of the Restinga Ecosystem
			14.2.2 Soils of the Restinga Ecosystem
			14.2.3 Podzols from the Restinga Ecosystem
			14.2.4 Variations in Podzol Morphology
			14.2.5 Micromorphology of B-Horizons of Restinga Podzols
			14.2.6 Changes in Podzol Morphology Due to Changes in Drainage
			14.2.7 Molecular Composition of SOM in Restinga Podzols
			14.2.8 Formation of Ichnofossils
			14.2.9 Other Soils from the Restingas
		Acknowledgements
		References
328612_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	15 Mangroves Along the Brazilian Coast
		Abstract
		15.1 Mangrove Ecosystems
		15.2 Historical Perspective, Evolution, and Classification of Mangrove Soils
		15.3 Biogeochemistry and Specific Soil-Forming Processes
		15.4 Soil Formation Factors Influencing Pedogenesis of Brazilian Mangrove Soils
			15.4.1 Climate
			15.4.2 Relief (Coastal Environmental Setting, Microrelief, and Physiographic Positions)
			15.4.3 Organisms (Plants and Crabs)
			15.4.4 Parent Material
			15.4.5 Time
			15.4.6 The Sixth Factor of Soil Formation: Humans
		15.5 Final Remarks
		Acknowledgements
		References
328612_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	16 The Future of Brazilian Pedology: Pedometrics and Advanced Methods for Soil Survey
		Abstract
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Limiting Factors for Soil Surveys and of Conventional Approaches
		16.3 Challenges and Opportunities for a New Soil Survey Scenario
		16.4 Pedometrics: A New Paradigm for Improving Soil Survey
		16.5 Pedological Data for the Application of Pedometrics in Brazil
		16.6 Advances in Remote and Proximal Sensing, and Pedological Applications
		16.7 Brazilian Contributions to DSM
		16.8 PronaSolos and the Potential of Pedometrics in Brazil
		16.9 Conclusions
		References
328612_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	17 Technosols and Anthrosols in Brazil: A Brief Account
		Abstract
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Anthrosols from Caves and Rock Shelters
			17.2.1 Chemical and Physical Attributes
				17.2.1.1 Phosphorus Fractionation
				17.2.1.2 Total Digestion Analysis
			17.2.2 Micromorphological Features
		17.3 Archaeoanthrosol on Shell-Mound (Sambaquis)
		17.4 Technosols
			17.4.1 The Fundão Dam Tailings Deposits: Emblematic Technosols
			17.4.2 Temporal Analysis of Chemical and Physical Attributes
			17.4.3 Mineralogy
			17.4.4 Final Remarks: Technosols on Fe-Rich Tailings
		17.5 Technosols on Bauxite on Mine Sterile and Tailings: A Pathway for Rehabilitation
			17.5.1 Current Tailings Disposal Method
			17.5.2 Nature of the Material in the Backfill of the Pits
			17.5.3 The First Technosols Studied on Bauxite Mining Plants
			17.5.4 Backfill, Rehabilitation, and Restoration
			17.5.5 Management of Sterile Soil for Backfill
			17.5.6 Sterile Co-Disposition on Tailings: Pedo-Hydrological Considerations
			17.5.7 In Situ Technosols: Experimental Monitoring
			17.5.8 Legacy Data from Technosols on Sterile and Tailings: Pathway to Restoration
			17.5.9 Technosols Legacy Data: Long-Term Recovery Analysis of Low Footprint
			17.5.10 Acidity
			17.5.11 Exchangeable Aluminium
			17.5.12 Potential Acidity
			17.5.13 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
			17.5.14 Micronutrients
			17.5.15 Bioavailable Phosphorus
			17.5.16 Soil Organic Matter
			17.5.17 Final Remarks: Technosols on Bauxite Tailings
		17.6 Urban Soils in Brazil: A Brief Account
		References
328612_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF
	18 Insights into Brazilian Soils and Sustainable Agriculture Scenarios
		Abstract
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 The Use of Fertilizers in Brazil
		18.3 Pastures: Most Degraded, Little Well-Managed
		18.4 Management of Nutrients in Brazil
			18.4.1 Liming and CaSO4 Addition
			18.4.2 Nitrogen Fertilizers
			18.4.3 Phosphate Fertilizers
			18.4.4 Potassium Fertilizers
			18.4.5 Fertilizers with Micronutrients
			18.4.6 Organic and Organomineral Fertilizers
		18.5 Biological N2 Fixation and Associations with Mycorrhizal Fungi
		18.6 Use of Organic Wastes
		18.7 Use of Crushed Rocks
		18.8 Promising Legacy: Improved Soil Fertility Status in the Brazilian Cerrado Under Technified Management
		18.9 Potential Mitigation of Greenhouse Effect by Soil Management and Environmental Conservation Issues
		18.10 The Last Soil Frontier in Brazil: The Sandy Domain of Neossolos Quartzarênicos
		18.11 Final Remarks
		References
328612_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF
	Index