The Social Relations of Science

Contents......Page 9
Introduction......Page 13
I Why Science Exists......Page 33
2 Elemental Science: Tools......Page 36
3 Fire......Page 38
4 Natural history......Page 42
5 Refined Hunting Technique Provides Leisure and Art......Page 44
6 Magic......Page 46
7 Early Applied Biology......Page 48
8 Metallurgy......Page 54
9 Power......Page 59
10 Irrigation......Page 61
11 Origins of Arithmetic and Geometry......Page 64
12 Origin of Greek Theoretical Speculation......Page 76
13 THE INCOMMENSURABILITY OF THEOLOGY AND SURDS......Page 83
14 SOLVING THE CONTRADICTIONS......Page 88
15 MEDICINE PRODUCES THE FIRST BALANCED SCIENCE......Page 91
16 THE SOCIAL ROOTS OF PLATONIC PHILOSOPHY......Page 95
17 A PARTIAL RETURN TO IONIAN REALISM......Page 101
18 IMPERIAL SCIENCE......Page 105
19 THE DECLINE OF SCIENCE AT ALEXANDRIA......Page 112
20 ALEXANDRIAN MECHANICS AND PHYSICS......Page 115
21 ROTARY POWER MACHINES......Page 123
22 GREEK ALCHEMY......Page 125
23 ALEXANDRIAN MACHINERY WITHERS......Page 131
24 THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL REPUTEOF MANUAL WORK......Page 138
25 THE INFLUENCE OF ROMAN SOCIAL CONCEPTIONS ON SCIENCE......Page 142
26 THE INTERNAL COLLAPSE OF A SOCIAL ORDER BASED ON SLAVERY......Page 145
27 THE ROMAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND SCIENCE......Page 151
28 MEDICAL RESEARCH AND THE REPUTATION OF MANUAL WORK......Page 155
29 REFLECTION OF ROMAN CONDITIONS IN ROMAN SCIENCE......Page 158
30 THE REPUTE OF LABOR BEGINS TO RISE......Page 166
31 THE MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL BASES OF ISLAM......Page 170
32 THE MUSLIMS CONQUER SCIENCE......Page 175
33 THE MUSLIMS EXTEND ALCHEMY......Page 182
34 FURTHER MUSLIM SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN SCIENCE......Page 185
35 SCIENCE AND MUSLIM SOCIETY......Page 189
36 THE SHAPE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATIONIS FORGED......Page 194
37 THE EMBRYO OF THE MODERN WORLD......Page 198
38 A NEW SYSTEM OF SOCIAL CLASSES AND ITS EFFECTS......Page 202
39 MANUAL LABOUR ACQUIRES NEW REPUTE AND MECHANICS ADVANCES......Page 210
40 THE PURSUIT OF GAIN IMPELS SOCIAL AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 217
41 THE INTELLECTUAL WEAPONS ARE SHARPENED......Page 222
42 THE CHURCH TRIES TO ASSIMILATE SCIENCE......Page 227
43 ROGER BACON AND MEDIEVAL EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE......Page 238
44 THE GROWTH OF UNIVERSITIES......Page 244
45 THE INQUISITION......Page 254
46 CLOCKS AND MILLS......Page 264
47 THE ORIGIN OF MODERN SCIENCE......Page 268
48 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MONEY......Page 273
49 BORGIA'S ENGINEER......Page 285
50 THE EIGHTH MONTH OF SCIENCE......Page 300
51 THE SEARCH FOR PRECIOUS METALS......Page 313
52 METAL MINING......Page 321
53 THE EFFECTS OF AMERICAN GOLD......Page 332
54 WILLIAM THE SILENT'S QUARTERMASTER GENERAL......Page 335
55 GALILEO PERFECTS THE METHOD OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE......Page 340
56 GALILEO OPENS THE WINDOW OF THE UNIVERSE......Page 349
57 SCIENCE AND FREEDOM......Page 357
58 FREEDOM IN THE INTEREST OF SKILL......Page 367
59 TO THE EFFECTING OF ALL THINGS POSSIBLE......Page 370
60 THE MAYOR OF MAGDEBURG......Page 386
61 THE FATHER OF CHEMISTRY AND UNCLE OF THE EARL OF CORK......Page 395
62 THE ROYAL SOCIETY......Page 403
63 THE GREAT PROBLEM OF THE SHIPPING PERIOD......Page 420
64 THE NEW SLAVE......Page 428
65 LUNACY......Page 447
66 ENLIGHTENMENT......Page 458
67 THE RAW MATERIAL OF EVERYTHING......Page 473
68 THE WORKING CONDITIONS IN WHICH DISCOVERIES ARE MADE......Page 488
69 TWO INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES......Page 496
70 RESEARCH IN UNIVERSITIES......Page 509
71 RESEARCH AS AN INDEPENDENT SOCIAL ACTIVITY......Page 523
72 THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF GERMAN SCIENCE......Page 537
73 PERSONAL MOTIVES FOR RESEARCH......Page 543
74 EXTERNAL MOTIVES OF RESEARCH: THE EXPANSION OF BUSINESS......Page 555
75 EXTERNAL MOTIVES OF RESEARCH: NATIONAL SAFETY......Page 563
76 THE FINANCE OF RESEARCH......Page 570
77 PLANNED RESEARCH......Page 581
78 AMERICAN FORESIGHT......Page 590
79 SCIENCE THWARTED......Page 608
80 SCIENCE, ART AND DISCONTINUITY......Page 625
81 THE NEW INTEREST IN THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF SCIENCE......Page 632
82 SCIENCE AND THE PRESS......Page 665
83 THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF SCIENTISTS......Page 675
INDEX......Page 685