The Shi'ite Movement in Iraq

Contents
	Tables and Maps
	Note on Transliteration and Dates
	Abbreviations
	Foreword
Introduction: The US, War and Iraqi Shi\'ism
PART ONE: State, Nation and Islamism
	1. Overview
	The Literature
	Theoretical Approaches
	Major Primary Sources
	2. Islamism, Fundamentalism, Communalism and the Nation-State
	The Complexity of the Iraqi Case
	The Changing Phases of Islamic Response
	State, Society and Community
PART TWO: Genesis and Mutation
	Introduction
	3. The Da‘wa Founding Group: Defining the Self (1960-64)
	The Legitimizing Process
	4. Social Origins and Actors
	Beginnings
	Conflicting Meanings
	Leadership
	The Nature of the Initiators
	The New Generation
	Social Differentiation
	5. The Formation of the Jama‘at al- \'Ulama in Najaf, i960
	Senior ‘Ulama
	Welfare and Education
	Adhwa ’ and the Ideological Battle
	Schisms and al-Sadr’s Retreat
	Jama\'at al-\'Ulama and the Islamic Party: Sociopolitical Issues
	6. The Da\'wa Party, 1963-68: From Universalism to Particularism
	The February 1963 Coups
	Under ‘Arif
	Al-Shibibi’s Memorandum
	The Growth of the Da‘wa
PART THREE: Shi\'ite Cultural Spaces: Marja\'ism and Popular Rituals
	Introduction
	Google
	7. Sacred Money
	The Collector of Zakat
	Defining and Redefining the Khums
	Rising and Diminishing Returns
	8. The Transmission of Knowledge: The Traditional Madrasa and its Decline
	Clash of Institutions
	Shi\'ite Madrasa: The Drive to Autonomy
	Change and Transformation: The Phase of Decline
	The Madrasa: Social Group and Social Organization
	9. The Rise and Centralization of Marja\'ism
	Knowledge and Power: Major Concepts
	The Social, Cultural and Juristic-Theological Divide: Usuli versus Akhbari
	Tendencies Towards the Centralization of Marja\'ism
	The Disorder of the Marja\' System
	Attempts at the Institutionalization of Marja\'ism: Musa al-Sadr, Baqir al-Sadr, Taliqani and Khomeini
	10. ‘Ashura and the Arba\'in: Popular Culture and the Politicizing of Redemptive Suffering
	The Example of Twaireej
	Local Solidarities, Social Actors
	Structure of the Muharram Ritual
	Cultural Cleavage: the Daghara Example
	The Arba\'in Pilgrimage: Pan-Shi* ite Identity
PART FOUR: Shi‘ite Islamism and the Ba\'th
	11. From Peaceful Protest to Bloody Confrontation
	The First Phase: 1968-78
	Ayatollah al-Hakim versus the Ba\'th
	The Execution of Da\'wa Leaders
	The Marad al-Ras Upheaval, February 1977: Ritual as an Instrument of Mass Politics
	12. The Particularist-Political Model: The Origins and Structure of the MAI
	13. Radicalization: 1979-82
	The Iranian Factor
	Growing Militancy
	Crackdown
	14. The Formation and Development of SAIRI: Coercive Unification, War and Schisms, 1982-90
	The Formation of SAIRI
	SAIRI’s Structure
	Strategy and Tactics
	The Badr Army
	Repercussions
	Fracture Lines
	15. Wartime, the Diaspora and the 1991 Uprisings
	Iran\'s Failure
	War and Nationalism
	The Invasion of Kuwait
	The Uprisings
	Iraq Under Sanctions: Tribes and Religion
PART FIVE: Ideology: Sociopolitical and Economic Doctrines
	16. Political Theory
	Reformation: Two Trends
	Al-Sadr: Liberal Hierocracy
	Muhammad Bahr al-‘Ulum: Liberal Islamism
	17. Socioeconomic Doctrines
	New Challenges
	Al-Sadr : Non-capitalist, Rightful Islamic Distributionism
	Al-Mudarisi: Cooperative Islam
	Shirazi: Ethical Laissez-Faire Islam, Halal and Haram
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Bibliography
	Index