The Sheep Veterinary Practice

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Editor
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Veterinary Services to Sheep Farms
	1.1 The Role of the Veterinary Practitioner in the Australian Sheep Industry
		1.1.1 The Levels of Sheep Veterinary Services
		1.1.2 To Move from Generalist Practice to a Higher Level of Service
		1.1.3 To Move from Level 2 Services to Level 3 Services
	1.2 Important Industry Knowledge—The Elements of a Sheep Production System
		1.2.1 Breed, Genotype and Genetic Merit
		1.2.2 Production Objectives
		1.2.3 Flock Structure
		1.2.4 Stocking Rate
		1.2.5 Farm Management Calendars
		1.2.6 The Business Aspects of Sheep Farming
	1.3 Investigations of Disease or Poor Performance in a Sheep Flock
		1.3.1 Structure of the Investigation
	1.4 Developing a Flock Health Programme
		1.4.1 The Reasons for a Flock Health Programme
		1.4.2 Delivery of the Programme
	1.5 Body Condition Scoring and Its Relationship to Productivity
		1.5.1 Usefulness of Body Condition Scoring
		1.5.2 Reliability of the Technique
		1.5.3 Relationship of Body Condition Score to Health and Productivity
		1.5.4 Relationship of Body Condition Score to Welfare
		1.5.5 The Use of Body Condition Score Targets
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 2 Welfare of Sheep
	2.1 Concepts of Animal Welfare
		2.1.1 What Is Animal Welfare?
		2.1.2 Sentience
	2.2 Sheep Behaviour and Sociability
		2.2.1 Social and Predator Avoidance Behaviour
		2.2.2 Abnormal Behaviours
		2.2.3 Sheep Cognition
		2.2.4 Learning
	2.3 Sheep–Handler Interactions
		2.3.1 Behavioural Handling Concepts
		2.3.2 Handling Approaches and Yard Design
		2.3.3 Sheep Neglect and Undernutrition
	2.4 Husbandry Procedures and Alleviation of Pain
		2.4.1 Tail Docking
		2.4.2 Castration
		2.4.3 Mulesing
		2.4.4 Horn Trimming and Dehorning
		2.4.5 Assisted Reproduction Procedures
	2.5 Thermal Comfort
		2.5.1 Heat Stress
		2.5.2 Cold Stress
	2.6 Welfare Impacts of Key Disease Conditions
		2.6.1 Footrot
		2.6.2 Mastitis
		2.6.3 Lambing Losses
		2.6.4 Flystrike
	2.7 Humane Killing Techniques and Considerations
		2.7.1 Anaesthetic Overdose
		2.7.2 Gunshot
		2.7.3 Captive Bolt Devices
		2.7.4 Neonatal Lambs
		2.7.5 Assessing Insensibility
		2.7.6 Secondary Killing Methods
		2.7.7 Inhumane Methods
		2.7.8 Confirming Death
		2.7.9 Further Resources on Humane Killing
	2.8 Assessment of Sheep following Bushfires
	2.9 Welfare Monitoring and Record Keeping
	2.10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 Energy and Protein Nutrition of Grazing Sheep
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Energy and Protein Requirements of Grazing Sheep
		3.2.1 Ruminant Digestion
		3.2.2 Estimating the Energy Requirements of Grazing Sheep
		3.2.3 Maintenance Energy Requirement of Penned Sheep
		3.2.4 Maintenance Energy Requirement of Actively Grazing Sheep
		3.2.5 Maintenance Energy Requirements of Cold-Stressed Sheep
		3.2.6 Metabolisable Energy Requirements for Gestation
		3.2.7 Metabolisable Energy Requirements for Lactation
		3.2.8 Guidelines for Managing Pregnant Ewes to Ensure High Rates of Lamb Survival and Lamb Growth to Weaning
		3.2.9 Metabolisable Energy Requirements for Growing Weaners
		3.2.10 Protein Requirements of Grazing Sheep
		3.2.11 Nutrition and Wool Growth
	3.3 Nutrition and Management of Grazing Sheep for Good Health and Production
		3.3.1 Nutrient Supply from Pastures in Mediterranean and Cool Temperate Climates
		3.3.2 Matching Energy Demand with Energy Supply from Pastures
		3.3.3 Relative Feeding Value of Legumes versus Grasses
		3.3.4 Why Do Legumes Support Higher Levels of Animal Production than Grasses?
		3.3.5 Nutrient Supply from Pastures in Subtropical Climates
		3.3.6 Feeding Behaviour of Grazing Animals
		3.3.7 Grazing and Pasture Management for Sheep Production
		3.3.8 Pasture Growth Rate and Phases of Plant Growth
		3.3.9 Relationships between Herbage Mass, Nutritive Value of Pasture and Energy Intake in Sheep
		3.3.10 Effect of Diet Selection on Pasture Growth
		3.3.11 Grazing Management to Optimise Sheep Production per Hectare
		3.3.12 Stocking Rate, Stocking Density, Dry Sheep Equivalent and Sheep Production
	3.4 Estimating the Digestibility and Total Quantity of Feed on Offer in Grazed Pastures
		3.4.1 Assessing Herbage Mass (Or Feed on Offer) in Pastures
	3.5 Supplementation of Grazing Sheep
		3.5.1 Cost of Supplements
		3.5.2 Deciding the Level of Supplementation
	3.6 Deleterious Compounds Found in Common Pasture Forages and Invasive Weeds of Pastures
	3.7 Recommended Additional Resources
		3.7.1 Decision Making in Grazing Sheep Enterprises
		3.7.2 Drought Feeding Guide
	References
Chapter 4 Clinical Aspects of Trace Element and Vitamin Nutrition
	4.1 Copper (Cu)
		4.1.1 Physiology
		4.1.2 Dietary Sources of Copper
		4.1.3 Clinical Signs of Copper Deficiency
		4.1.4 Subclinical Copper Deficiency
		4.1.5 Seasonal Variations in Copper Availability
		4.1.6 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
		4.1.7 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
	4.2 Cobalt and Vitamin B12
		4.2.1 Physiology
		4.2.2 Dietary Sources of Cobalt
		4.2.3 Pathophysiology of Cobalt Deficiency
		4.2.4 Clinical and Subclinical Outcomes of Deficiency
		4.2.5 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
		4.2.6 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
	4.3 Selenium
		4.3.1 Introduction
		4.3.2 Physiology
		4.3.3 Dietary Requirements for Selenium
		4.3.4 Seasonal Variation in Selenium Nutrition
		4.3.5 Signs of Selenium Deficiency
		4.3.6 Subclinical Deficiency of Selenium
		4.3.7 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
		4.3.8 Necropsy Findings
		4.3.9 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
		4.3.10 Selenium Toxicity
	4.4 Vitamin E Deficiency
		4.4.1 Introduction
		4.4.2 Dietary Sources and Requirements of Vitamin E
		4.4.3 Clinical and Necropsy Signs of Vitamin E Deficiency
		4.4.4 Subclinical Deficiency of Vitamin E
		4.4.5 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
		4.4.6 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
	4.5 Differential Diagnosis of Myopathy
	4.6 Iodine Deficiency (Including Goitre and Hypothyroidism)
		4.6.1 Introduction
		4.6.2 Goitrogens
		4.6.3 Hypothyroidism Due to Inadequate Dietary Iodine
		4.6.4 Inherited Hypothyroidism and Congenital Goitre
		4.6.5 Hypothyroidism Due to the Ingestion of Goitrogens
		4.6.6 Development of Hypothyroidism
		4.6.7 Effects of Foetal Hypothyroidism
		4.6.8 Clinical Signs of Iodine Deficiency
		4.6.9 Diagnosis of Iodine Deficiency
		4.6.10 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
	4.7 Iron Nutrition
	4.8 Molybdenum Nutrition
	4.9 Manganese Nutrition
	4.10 Zinc Nutrition
	4.11 Investigation of Micronutrient Deficiencies
		4.11.1 Clinical Pathology
		4.11.2 Response Trials
	4.12 Broad-Spectrum Supplementation
		4.12.1 Licks and Blocks
		4.12.2 Mineral Supplements for Oral Dosing and Risks of Mixing Products
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 5 Reproduction 1: Factors Affecting Fertility and Fecundity
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 The Role of Reproduction in the Productivity of Sheep Grazing Systems
		5.1.2 The Major Factors Influencing Reproductive Rate
		5.1.3 The Components of Reproductive Rate
		5.1.4 Fertility, Fecundity and Survival Rate of Lambs to Marking Age
	5.2 Physiological and Management Factors Affecting Fertility and Fecundity in the Ewe
		5.2.1 Photoperiodicity in the Ewe
		5.2.2 Effects of Body Weight and Nutrition on Ewe Fertility and Ovulation Rate
		5.2.3 Flushing Ewes
		5.2.4 Effect of Ewe Age on Fertility and Ovulation Rate
		5.2.5 Ovulation without Oestrus
		5.2.6 Failure of Fertilisation Due to Maternal Factors
		5.2.7 Management of Ewes at Joining
	5.3 Abnormalities and Diseases Affecting Ewe Fertility
		5.3.1 Phyto-Oestrogenic Infertility
		5.3.2 Embryo Mortality
	5.4 Factors Affecting the Fertility of Rams Used for Natural Joining
		5.4.1 Photoperiodicity in the Ram
		5.4.2 Body Weight, Nutrition and Fertility in the Ram
		5.4.3 Puberty and Age Effects in Rams
		5.4.4 The Age Structure of the Ram Flock
		5.4.5 Husbandry Procedures and Ram Fertility
		5.4.6 Management of Rams at Joining
		5.4.7 Failure of Fertilisation Due to an Inadequate Number of Rams
		5.4.8 Failure of Fertilisation Due to Other Ram Factors
	5.5 Abnormalities and Diseases Affecting Ram Fertility
		5.5.1 Epididymitis Caused by Brucella ovis Infection (Ovine Brucellosis, OB)
		5.5.2 Other Causes of Epididymitis
		5.5.3 Non-Specific Abnormalities of the Epididymis
		5.5.4 Testicular Abnormalities
		5.5.5 Other Abnormalities Detected on Scrotal Palpation
		5.5.6 Other Lesions of the Male Genitalia
	Recommended Reading
	General References
	References
Chapter 6 Reproduction 2: Ultrasound Scanning for Pregnancy
	6.1 The Application of Ultrasound Pregnancy Scanning on Sheep Farms
		6.1.1 Reasons for Scanning
		6.1.2 The Scanning Procedure
		6.1.3 Scanning Windows
		6.1.4 Counting Foetuses
		6.1.5 Foetal Ageing
		6.1.6 The Rate of Scanning
		6.1.7 Pathological Diagnoses
	6.2 The Reliability and Accuracy of Ultrasound Scanning for Pregnancy
		6.2.1 Experienced Scanners and Good Conditions of Scanning
		6.2.2 Understanding the Discrepancy between Scanning and Lambing Results
		6.2.3 Measures of Accuracy
		6.2.4 Studies of Scanning Accuracy
		6.2.5 Accuracy of Scanning for Ageing Foetuses
		6.2.6 Analysing Accuracy from Lambing Data
		6.2.7 If the Number of Lambs Born Is Overestimated by Scanning (Direction of Error Is Lower)
		6.2.8 If the Number of Lambs Born Is Underestimated at Scanning (Direction of Error Is Higher)
		6.2.9 The Cost of Misclassification
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Reproduction 3: Disorders of Ewes in Pregnancy and Lactation, Abortion, Prenatal and Perinatal Diseases of Lambs
	7.1 Husbandry of Ewes during Pregnancy
		7.1.1 Length of Gestation
		7.1.2 Nutrition during Pregnancy
		7.1.3 Shearing and Crutching during Pregnancy and Lactation
	7.2 Disorders of Ewes in Pregnancy
		7.2.1 Pregnancy Toxaemia
		7.2.2 Hypocalcaemia
		7.2.3 Dorsal Vaginal Tear with Evisceration
		7.2.4 Vaginal Prolapse
	7.3 Abortion and Prenatal Diseases of Lambs
		7.3.1 Introduction
		7.3.2 Campylobacteriosis
		7.3.3 Listeriosis
		7.3.4 Toxoplasmosis
		7.3.5 Chlamydial Abortion
		7.3.6 Coxiellosis
		7.3.7 Salmonellosis
		7.3.8 Leptospirosis
		7.3.9 Brucellosis
		7.3.10 Ovine Pestivirus
		7.3.11 Akabane Disease
		7.3.12 Abortion Caused by Histophilus somni
		7.3.13 Romulosis
	7.4 The Lambing Process and Husbandry at Lambing
		7.4.1 Parturition
		7.4.2 Normal Ewe and Lamb Behaviour at Birth
		7.4.3 The Influence of Lamb Birthweight on Survival
		7.4.4 Husbandry at Lambing
	7.5 Perinatal Lamb Mortality
		7.5.1 Dystocia and Birth Injury
		7.5.2 Starvation, Mismothering and Exposure
		7.5.3 Minor Causes of Perinatal Mortalities
		7.5.4 Post-Mortem Examination of Lambs
	7.6 Disorders of the Ewe at Lambing
		7.6.1 Dystocia
		7.6.2 Uterine Prolapse
	7.7 Nutrition during Lactation
	7.8 Disorders of Lactating Ewes
		7.8.1 Hypomagnesaemia
		7.8.2 Undernutrition
		7.8.3 Mastitis
		7.8.4 Contagious Agalactia
	7.9 Lamb Management at and after Marking
	References
Chapter 8 Reproduction 4: Investigations of Poor Reproductive Rate in Commercial Sheep Flocks
	8.1 Provision of Veterinary Advice about Reproductive Rate in Ewe Flocks
		8.1.1 When Will Sheep Producers Seek Veterinary Advice?
		8.1.2 What Constitutes a Poor Reproductive Rate?
	8.2 Conducting an Investigation of Poor Reproductive Rates
		8.2.1 A Conceptual Framework for Investigation
		8.2.2 Collecting the History and Examining Records
		8.2.3 Analysing and Interpreting Pregnancy Scanning Data
		8.2.4 Examination of Ewes Soon after Scanning
		8.2.5 Analysing and Interpreting Lamb Marking Data
		8.2.6 Examination of the Ewes and Their Lambs Soon after Lamb Marking
		8.2.7 Diagnostic Tools
	References
Chapter 9 Reproduction 5: Controlled Breeding
	9.1 Control of Oestrus and Ovulation
		9.1.1 Synchronisation of Oestrus
		9.1.2 Advancing the Breeding Season
		9.1.3 Oestrus Stimulation in Ewes in Postpartum or Lactational Anoestrus
		9.1.4 Increasing Fecundity
	9.2 Induction of Abortion
	9.3 Induction of Parturition
	9.4 Artificial Insemination (AI)
		9.4.1 Selection and Preparation of Rams
		9.4.2 Collection of Semen
		9.4.3 Handling of Semen
		9.4.4 Evaluation of Semen
		9.4.5 Dilution of Ram Semen
		9.4.6 Storage of Ram Semen
		9.4.7 Detection of Ewes in Oestrus
		9.4.8 Insemination of the Ewe
	9.5 Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET)
		9.5.1 Superovulation in Donor Ewes
		9.5.2 Mating
		9.5.3 Embryos
		9.5.4 Transfers to Recipients
		9.5.5 Expected Results for a MOET Programme
		9.5.6 Schedule for the Preparation of Donor and Recipient Ewes
		9.5.7 Storage of Embryos
	9.6 Sperm Sexing
	9.7 Juvenile in Vitro Embryo Technology (JIVET)
	References
Chapter 10 Diseases Caused by Nematodes and Trematodes of Sheep
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nematodiasis
		10.2.1 Life Cycles
		10.2.2 Survival of Free-Living Nematode Stages
		10.2.3 Host Immunity and the Pathophysiology of Nematode Infections
		10.2.4 Clinical Signs and Effects on Production
		10.2.5 Diagnosis of Nematode Infections
	10.3 Anthelmintics and Anthelmintic Resistance
		10.3.1 Long-Acting Anthelmintics
		10.3.2 Anthelmintic Resistance (AR)
		10.3.3 Testing for Anthelmintic Resistance
		10.3.4 Refugia
	10.4 Epidemiology and Control of Nematode Infections
		10.4.1 Patterns of Infection—Winter-Rainfall Areas
		10.4.2 Control Programmes—Winter-Rainfall Areas
		10.4.3 Patterns of Infection and Control Programmes—Summer-Rainfall Areas
		10.4.4 Patterns of Infection and Control Programmes—Uniform-Rainfall Areas
		10.4.5 Selection of Resistant Sheep
		10.4.6 Nematode Control in Prime Lamb Systems
		10.4.7 Biosecurity—Quarantine Drenching
	10.5 Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
		10.5.1 Life Cycle of Fasciola hepatica
		10.5.2 Clinical Signs of Liver Fluke Infection
		10.5.3 Epidemiology of Liver Fluke
		10.5.4 Control Programmes for Liver Fluke
		10.5.5 Flukicides and Resistance
		10.5.6 Diagnosis of Liver Fluke
		10.5.7 Testing for Flukicide Resistance
	Further Reading and Resources
	References
Chapter 11 Taeniid Cestodes and Sarcocystis of Sheep
	11.1 Taeniid Cestodes
		11.1.1 Introduction
		11.1.2 Life Cycle
		11.1.3 Zoonotic Potential
		11.1.4 Control of Taeniid Cestodes on-Farm
		11.1.5 Taenia ovis
		11.1.6 Taenia hydatigena
		11.1.7 Echinococcus granulosus
	11.2 Sarcocystis spp
		11.2.1 Cost to the Sheep Industry
		11.2.2 Epidemiology
		11.2.3 Control of Sarcocystis spp in Sheep
	References
Chapter 12 Management and Diseases of Weaner Sheep
	12.1 Weaner Ill-Thrift
		12.1.1 Introduction
		12.1.2 Predisposition to Weaner Ill-Thrift
		12.1.3 Factors Contributing to the Liveweight of Weaners
		12.1.4 The Association between Liveweight of Weaners and Mortality
		12.1.5 The Association between Time of Lambing and Weaner Ill-Thrift
		12.1.6 The Association between the Management of the Ewe Flock and Weaner Ill-Thrift
		12.1.7 Introduction of Grain Feeding
		12.1.8 Regular Provision of Supplementation to Weaners
		12.1.9 Age at Weaning
		12.1.10 Post-Weaning Management of Weaners
		12.1.11 Preventive Medicine Programme for Merino Weaners
	References
Chapter 13 Diseases Characterised by Lameness
	13.1 Osteodystrophies
		13.1.1 Osteoporosis
		13.1.2 Osteomalacia and Rickets
		13.1.3 Other Causes of Osteodystrophies
	13.2 Viral Diseases Associated with Lameness
		13.2.1 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (CPD, Contagious Ecthyma, Scabby Mouth)
		13.2.2 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
		13.2.3 Bluetongue
	13.3 Bacterial Arthritis
		13.3.1 Fibrinous Arthritis
		13.3.2 Suppurative Arthritis
	13.4 Bacterial Infections of the Limbs
		13.4.1 Post-Dipping Lameness
		13.4.2 Strawberry Footrot
	13.5 Bacterial Infections of the Foot
		13.5.1 Lamellar Suppuration (Toe Abscess or White Line Abscess)
		13.5.2 Ovine Interdigital Dermatitis (OID)
		13.5.3 Foot Abscess
		13.5.4 Footrot
		13.5.5 Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis (CODD)
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 14 Diseases Characterised by Sudden Death
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Infectious Diseases Causing Sudden Death
		14.2.1 Clostridial Disease of Ruminants
		14.2.2 Enterotoxaemia (Pulpy Kidney)
		14.2.3 Enterotoxaemia Caused by C. perfringens Types A, B, C and E
		14.2.4 Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease)
		14.2.5 Malignant Oedema and Swelled Head
		14.2.6 Blackleg
		14.2.7 Bacillary Haemoglobinuria
		14.2.8 Braxy (Bradsot)
		14.2.9 Clostridial Vaccines
		14.2.10 Recommended Vaccination Programmes for Enterotoxaemia
		14.2.11 Anthrax
		14.2.12 Other Infectious Diseases Causing Sudden Death
	14.3 Intoxications Causing Sudden Death
		14.3.1 Poisoning with Inorganic Chemicals
		14.3.2 Poisoning with Nitrate/Nitrite
		14.3.3 Fluoroacetate Poisoning
		14.3.4 Cardiac Glycoside Poisoning
		14.3.5 Cyanogenic Glycosides
		14.3.6 Green Cestrum Poisoning
		14.3.7 Blue-Green Algal Poisoning
	14.4 Environmental Conditions Causing Sudden Death
		14.4.1 Lightning Strike
		14.4.2 Exposure/Hypothermia
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 15 Diseases of the Integument and Eye
	15.1 Diseases of the Eye and Eyelids
		15.1.1 Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
		15.1.2 Entropion
	15.2 Bacterial and Viral Diseases of the Integument
		15.2.1 Fleece Rot
		15.2.2 Dermatophilosis (Dermo, Lumpy Wool)
		15.2.3 Actinobacillosis
		15.2.4 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Scabby Mouth, CPD)
		15.2.5 Capripox Infection (Sheep and Goat Pox, SGP)
	15.3 Non-Infectious Diseases of the Integument
		15.3.1 Photosensitisation
		15.3.2 Grass Seeds
		15.3.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		15.3.4 Burns
		15.3.5 Gangrene
		15.3.6 Factors Affecting the Value of Sheep Skins
	15.4 External Parasites
		15.4.1 Flystrike (Cutaneous Myiasis)
		15.4.2 Bovicola ovis
		15.4.3 Psorobia ovis (Itchmite)
		15.4.4 Chorioptes bovis
		15.4.5 Other External Parasites of Sheep
		15.4.6 Sheep Mites Exotic to Australia
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 16 Diseases with Signs of Neurological Disturbance
	16.1 Nutritional Deficiencies and Metabolic Disturbances
		16.1.1 Polioencephalomalacia (PE)
		16.1.2 Hypocalcaemia
		16.1.3 Hypomagnesaemia
		16.1.4 Kangaroo Gait
	16.2 Infectious Diseases of the CNS
		16.2.1 Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia (FSE)
		16.2.2 Listeriosis
		16.2.3 Brain and Spinal Cord Abscessation
		16.2.4 Tetanus
		16.2.5 Botulism
	16.3 Infectious Conditions Leading to Congenital Neurological Disease
		16.3.1 Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease)
		16.3.2 Akabane and Aino Viruses
		16.3.3 Schmallenberg Virus
		16.3.4 Bluetongue
	16.4 Non-Infectious Congenital and Inherited Conditions of the Nervous System
		16.4.1 Enzootic Ataxia (Copper Deficiency)
		16.4.2 Inherited and Possibly Inherited Disorders
	16.5 Plant-Associated Toxicoses Causing Paresis, Paralysis and Gait Disturbances
		16.5.1 Perennial Ryegrass Staggers, Perennial Ryegrass Toxicosis (PRGT)
		16.5.2 Paspalum Staggers (Nervous Ergotism)
		16.5.3 Annual Ryegrass Toxicity (ARGT)
		16.5.4 Phalaris Staggers
		16.5.5 Phalaris Sudden Death
		16.5.6 Tribulus spp Staggers
		16.5.7 Humpy Back
		16.5.8 Swainsona spp Poisoning
		16.5.9 Other Plant Intoxications with Signs of CNS Disturbance
	16.6 Common Chemicals Responsible for Clinical Signs of Neurological Disease
		16.6.1 Urea Toxicity
	16.7 Clinical Differentiation of Neurological Conditions
		16.7.1 Locomotor Disturbances
		16.7.2 Dummy Syndromes and Recumbency
	16.8 Exotic Diseases with Nervous Signs
		16.8.1 Rabies
		16.8.2 Scrapie
		16.8.3 Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping Ill)
		16.8.4 Coenurosis (Gid)
		16.8.5 Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies)
		16.8.6 Visna
		16.8.7 Borna Disease
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 17 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract
	17.1 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Adult Sheep
		17.1.1 Gastrointestinal Helminths
		17.1.2 Ovine Johne’s Disease (OJD)
		17.1.3 Intestinal Carcinoma
		17.1.4 Phytobezoars and Trichobezoars
	17.2 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Sheep of All Ages
		17.2.1 Grain Poisoning (Grain Overload)
		17.2.2 Red Gut (Haemorrhagic Enteritis)
		17.2.3 Bloat
		17.2.4 Enteric Salmonellosis
		17.2.5 Diarrhoea of Unknown Cause in Adult Sheep (‘Winter Scours’)
		17.2.6 Alimentary Tract Diseases Caused by Toxic Plants
	17.3 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Young Sheep
		17.3.1 Rotavirus
		17.3.2 Coronavirus
		17.3.3 Enterotoxigenic E. coli Infection
		17.3.4 Cryptosporidium Infection
		17.3.5 Coccidiosis
		17.3.6 Yersiniosis
		17.3.7 Campylobacteriosis
		17.3.8 Differential Diagnosis of Scouring in Sheep
		17.3.9 Abomasal Bloat of Lambs
	17.4 Gastrointestinal Diseases Exotic to Australia
		17.4.1 Bluetongue
		17.4.2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
		17.4.3 Rinderpest
		17.4.4 Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 18 Diseases of the Liver
	18.1 Liver Damage Caused by Mycotoxins
		18.1.1 Phomopsin Intoxication (Lupinosis)
		18.1.2 Prevention
		18.1.3 Aflatoxin Intoxication
	18.2 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Poisoning
		18.2.1 Syndromes Caused by PA Ingestion
		18.2.2 Chronic Copper Toxicity (Toxaemic Jaundice)
		18.2.3 Chronic (Cumulative) Copper Poisoning following High Dietary or Parenteral Intake of Copper
		18.2.4 Chronic (Cumulative) Copper Poisoning as a Consequence of Low Molybdenum Intake
		18.2.5 Chronic (Cumulative) Copper Poisoning following Phytotoxic Liver Damage
		18.2.6 Prevention
	18.3 Other Diseases of the Liver
		18.3.1 Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
		18.3.2 Black Disease (Necrotic Hepatitis)
		18.3.3 Hepatic Abscesses
		18.3.4 Cobalt Deficiency (White Liver Disease)
		18.3.5 Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver)
	References
Chapter 19 Diseases of the Urinary System
	19.1 Urolithiasis
		19.1.1 The Development of Uroliths
		19.1.2 Clinical Management of Urolithiasis
	19.2 Posthitis, Balanitis, Vulvitis and Vulvovaginitis
		19.2.1 Enzootic Posthitis
		19.2.2 Ulcerative Balanitis and Vulvitis
	19.3 Enlargement of Bulbo-Urethral Glands in Wethers
	19.4 Diseases of the Kidney
		19.4.1 Congenital Malformations
		19.4.2 Immunologically Mediated Glomerulonephritis
		19.4.3 Infectious Nephropathies
		19.4.4 Tubular Necrosis Caused by Plant and Chemical Toxins
		19.4.5 Oxalate Nephrosis
	References
Chapter 20 Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic System
	20.1 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)
		20.1.1 Pathogenesis
		20.1.2 Epidemiology
		20.1.3 Effect on Productivity
		20.1.4 Control Measures
		20.1.5 Economics of Vaccination
		20.1.6 Treatment
		20.1.7 Diagnosis
	20.2 Causes of Anaemia in Sheep
		20.2.1 Infection with Mycoplasma ovis
		20.2.2 Haemolytic Anaemia from SMCO-Containing Plants
		20.2.3 Anaemia of Lambs from Bovine Colostrum
		20.2.4 Bracken Fern Poisoning
	Recommended Reading
	References
Chapter 21 Diseases of the Respiratory System
	21.1 Conditions of the Upper Respiratory Tract
		21.1.1 Nasal Myiasis, Oestrus ovis Infestation
		21.1.2 Infectious Conditions of the Nasal Cavity
		21.1.3 Pharyngeal Trauma (Drenching Gun Injuries)
		21.1.4 Laryngeal Chondritis
	21.2 Conditions of the Lower Respiratory Tract
		21.2.1 Introduction
		21.2.2 Enzootic Pneumonia (Ovine Respiratory Complex)
		21.2.3 Host and Environmental Factors Which Contribute to the Development of Ovine Pneumonia
		21.2.4 The Spectrum of Respiratory Diseases and Nomenclature
		21.2.5 Infectious Agents Causing Pneumonia in Sheep
		21.2.6 Clinical Findings
		21.2.7 Clinical Pathology
		21.2.8 Necropsy Findings
		21.2.9 Diagnosis
		21.2.10 Treatment and Control
		21.2.11 Prevention
	21.3 Sporadic Conditions of the Lower Respiratory Tract
		21.3.1 Parasitic Pneumonia
		21.3.2 Aspiration Pneumonia
		21.3.3 Lung Abscesses
		21.3.4 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)
		21.3.5 Tuberculosis
		21.3.6 Melioidosis
	21.4 Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract Exotic to Australia
		21.4.1 Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA, Jaagsiekte)
		21.4.2 Maedi
	References
Chapter 22 Anaesthesia and Analgesia for Sheep
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Anaesthesia
		22.2.1 Preparation of the Sheep for Anaesthesia
		22.2.2 Premedication
		22.2.3 Induction of Anaesthesia
		22.2.4 Maintenance of Anaesthesia
		22.2.5 Supportive Care during Anaesthesia
		22.2.6 Monitoring during Anaesthesia
		22.2.7 Recovery from Anaesthesia
		22.2.8 Common Complications during Anaesthesia
	22.3 Local and Regional Anaesthesia
		22.3.1 Common Local Anaesthetic Techniques
	22.4 Analgesia
		22.4.1 Pain Assessment
	22.5 Peri-Operative Care
	References
Index