The semantics of grammar

Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 8
1. Language and meaning......Page 12
2. Grammatical semantics......Page 14
3. \'Autonomous syntax\': an illustration......Page 15
4. The need for a semantic metalanguage......Page 18
5. The need for an integrated linguistic description......Page 19
6. The proposed semantic metalanguage......Page 20
7. The idea of \'ethno-grammar\'......Page 23
8. The philosophy of grammar......Page 25
9. Universals of grammatical semantics......Page 26
10. By their fruits shall ye know them......Page 30
Part 1: The semantics of syntax......Page 32
1.2 Preliminary illustrations......Page 34
2.1 To be or not to be „ that is the question......Page 38
2.2 Remember and forget......Page 40
2.3 Verbs of volition......Page 42
2.4 Verbs of attempting......Page 46
2.5 Speech act verbs......Page 48
2.6 Interactional verbs......Page 52
3.1 Opinion predicates and \'subject-to-object raising\'......Page 56
3.2 \'TO BE deletion\'......Page 64
3.3 Opinion predicates and \'subject-to-subject raising\'......Page 66
4. ING and time......Page 70
4.1 The gerund and simultaneity......Page 71
4.2 Gerunds as noun phrases......Page 76
4.3 TO, ING and action......Page 84
4.4 ING and evaluation......Page 85
5.1 Constraints on TO complements......Page 88
5.2 Constraints on gerundive complements......Page 93
5.3 The \'doubl-ing constraint\'......Page 100
5.4 Aspectual causatives......Page 104
6.1 Emotion, awareness and thought......Page 109
6.2 Emotion and attitude......Page 114
6.3 \'Projective emotions\' and the alleged extraposition......Page 117
6.4 TO versus ING versus THAT......Page 118
7.1 FOR TO in emotion sentences......Page 122
7.2 FOR TO and volition......Page 130
7.3 FOR TO and \'emotivity\'......Page 136
7.4 FOR TO and evaluation......Page 138
7.5 FOR TO and intellectual judgment......Page 140
7.6 FOR TO and \'obviation\'......Page 142
8.1 Say THA T and know TUA T......Page 143
8.2 THAT sentences with a modal......Page 148
9.1 Preliminary remarks......Page 151
9.2 Verbs of volition......Page 152
9.3 Subjunctive in relative clauses......Page 155
9.4 Verbs of emotion and evaluation......Page 156
9.5 A look at some Slavic languages......Page 162
9.6 FOR TO and the subjunctive (a second look)......Page 169
10.1 General remarks......Page 172
10.2 ING......Page 173
10.3 THAT......Page 174
10.4 TO......Page 175
10.5 FOR TO......Page 177
Note......Page 179
1. Introduction......Page 180
2.1 Doing something to a part of someone\'s body......Page 182
2.2 Can a part of the body do something?......Page 186
2.3 What counts as a direct bodily action......Page 189
2.4 Spontaneous involuntary change in the body......Page 192
2.5 Physical closeness......Page 196
2.6 Can you affect a person by looking at him or her?......Page 199
2.7 Can a hat be viewed as a part of the body?......Page 202
2.8 Overt and covert bodily constructions......Page 209
2.9 The status of \'bodily constructions\'......Page 215
3. The good/bad dichotomy......Page 221
4. The unknown......Page 234
5. Concluding remark......Page 244
Notes......Page 245
1. Introduction......Page 248
2. Japanese......Page 249
3. English......Page 251
4. Hindi......Page 253
5. \'Indirect causation\' in English and in French......Page 255
6. Italian......Page 257
7. \'Indirect causation\' in Russian......Page 259
8. Causation in grammar: towards a semantic typology of grammatical systems......Page 260
1. Introduction......Page 268
2. Main-verb passives......Page 273
2.1 Negative versus positive effects......Page 278
2.2 Neutral-effect passives......Page 283
2.3 Inanimate passive......Page 286
3.1 Datives of misfortune......Page 289
3.2 Datives of affectedness......Page 292
3.3 Inanimate passives......Page 295
4. Conclusion......Page 297
Summary of Japanese constructions......Page 300
1. Introduction......Page 304
2. Periphrastic verbal construction with have defined......Page 306
3. The over-all semantic invariant of the have a V construction......Page 308
4.1 Aimless objectless action which could cause one to feel good......Page 314
4.2 Action aiming at perception which could cause one to know something and which would not cause one to feel bad if it didn\'t......Page 316
4.3 Tentative action which could cause one to come to know something and which would not cause one to feel bad if it didn\'t......Page 319
4.4 Semi-voluntary action which could cause one to feel better......Page 323
4.5 Consumption of small parts of objects which could cause one to feel pleasure......Page 325
4.6 Consumption of non-discrete substances which could cause one to feel pleasure......Page 329
4.7 Action superficially involving another entity, which could cause one to feel pleasure......Page 332
4.8 Self-directed action which could cause one to look better......Page 335
4.9 Joint bodily activity which could cause the people involved to feel pleasure......Page 340
4.10 Joint speech activity which could cause the people involved to feel pleasure......Page 344
5. Have a fall......Page 347
6. Have a V versus take a V......Page 348
7. Comparable constructions in other languages......Page 352
8. Conclusion......Page 354
Notes......Page 361
Summary of construction subtypes......Page 363
1. Introduction......Page 370
2. Semantic constraints on the \'internal dative\' construction......Page 371
3. Semantic subtypes......Page 375
3.1 Transfer......Page 376
3.3 Making......Page 378
3.4 Preparing for use......Page 379
3.5 Entertaining......Page 381
3.7 Teaching......Page 382
4. Apparent exceptions......Page 383
5. The semantic core......Page 385
7. Three participants on the stage „ but how many in the limelight?......Page 386
7.1 \'External dative\' only......Page 388
7.2 A non-omissible external dative......Page 389
7.3 A human P and a non-omissible external T......Page 390
7.5 \'T-only\' speech act verbs......Page 391
7.6 Internal dative only......Page 392
8. A semantic common denominator......Page 394
9. One semantic invariant or eight distinct subtypes?......Page 396
Summary of English internal dative constructions......Page 397
Part 2: The semantics of morphology......Page 400
1.1 The core meaning of dative......Page 402
1.2 Language-specific extensions of the core use......Page 403
2. Polish datives with external causes......Page 404
2.1 Causing to have, or not to have......Page 405
2.3 Causing to hear for pleasure and causing to know......Page 408
2.4 Causing to be able to do something......Page 411
2.5 Causing a change in the object......Page 412
2.6 Causing something to happen to a related person......Page 415
2.7 Dative of warning......Page 417
2.8 Causing a change in a body part......Page 418
2.9 Causing contact with a body part......Page 420
3.1 Unintentional feelings......Page 426
3.2 Unintentional cognitive processes (thoughts and \'imaginings\')......Page 427
3.3 Unintentional \'wantings\'......Page 428
3.4 Unintentional sensations......Page 429
3.5 Unintentional processes in the body......Page 432
3.7 Unintentional changes in appearance......Page 433
3.8 Unintentional features of appearance......Page 434
3.9 Unintentional speech......Page 435
3.10 Agent viewed as experiencer......Page 436
4. Conclusion......Page 437
Summary of Polish dative constructions......Page 438
1. Introduction......Page 446
2. The Russian accusative case......Page 448
3. The Russian \'partitive\'......Page 449
4. The Russian genitive plural......Page 451
5. The genitive marking of the accusative in Polish......Page 458
6. The nominative plural in Polish......Page 466
7. Conclusion......Page 470
1. Introduction......Page 474
2. Description versus categorization......Page 477
3. The notion of \'kind\'......Page 481
4. Semantic nouniness and syntactic nouniness......Page 485
5. Core adjectival concepts......Page 488
6. Where do nouns \'come from\'?......Page 492
7. What are adjectives for?......Page 494
8. Final illustration......Page 499
9. Concluding remarks......Page 502
Definitions......Page 504
Notes......Page 507
1. Introduction......Page 510
2. Preliminary discussion......Page 512
3. The logic of names of fruits and vegetables in Russian......Page 514
4. Water (names of homogeneous substances)......Page 517
5. Chocolate and chocolates (solids with a double status)......Page 520
6. Crockery (names of heterogeneous classes of objects)......Page 521
7. Scissors (names of \'dual objects\')......Page 525
8. A grain of rice (substances with a minimal unit)......Page 527
9. Hair, noodles and apples (\'singularia mostly\', \'pluralia mostly\' and \'edible objects\')......Page 531
10. Oats (names of substances composed of particles and limited in quantity)......Page 538
11. Guts and woods (names of body parts and places)......Page 546
12. Leftovers (names of heterogeneous groups of objects and/or \'stuffs\')......Page 550
13. Clothing versus clothes......Page 553
14. Fruit versus vegetables......Page 559
15. Conclusions......Page 564
Summary of class meanings......Page 566
Conclusion......Page 572
Bibliography......Page 574
Subject and name index......Page 596
Index of lexical items......Page 608
The series Studies in Language Companion Series......Page 629