The Secret Life of Memorials: Through the Memory Lens of the Australian South Sea Islanders

Cover\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nContents Page\nList of Figures\nList of Tables\nAcknowledgements\nChapter 1: Research Introduction\n	1.1 Introduction - Research Overview\n	1.2 Research Aims\n	1.3 Research Questions\n	1.4 Research Design\n	1.5 Overview of the Structure of the Research\n	1.6 Notes on Terminology\n	1.7 Memorials / Monuments\n	1.8 Conclusion\nFigure 1.1: The Western South Pacific Ocean in relation to Australia (www.geographicguide.com)\n	Figure 1.2: South Sea Islands Labour Group in Daintree, Queensland 1870 (State Library of Queensland, Negative No: 189100)\n	Figure 1.3: Recruiting ship ‘Para’ by Ship Captain Wawn, 1880 (State Library of Queensland, Negative No: 65320)\n	Figure 1.4: South Sea Islanders on a labour vessel (State Library of Queensland, Negative No: 16954)\n	Figure 1.5: Vanuatuan sand drawing of labour ship (Author’s photo 2 June 2012)\n	Figure 1.6: History culture example – Islander Commemoration Festival 2013 ( www.assis.org.au )\n	Figure 2.1: Cartoon in The Bulletin 1886 of auction of South Sea Islander (Wikimedia Commons)\n	Figure 2.2: South Sea Islanders outside of a plantation building ca. 1870 (State Library of Queensland, Negative no: 189100)\n	Figure 2.3: South Sea Islanders Queensland, 1906 (State Library of Queensland, Negative no: 23815)\n	Figure 2.4: WANTOK Representatives (SBS News 7 November 2013)\n	Figure 2.5: The Isis Memorial Childers, Queensland (Author’s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 2.6: Islander traffic routes 1863 to 1902, from \"The Blackbirders” (Docker 1970)\n	Figure 2.7: Islanders waiting for deportation in Cairns 1906 (State Library of Queensland, Negative no: 23842)\n	Figure 2.8: Board Game copyrighted in 1914 (National Archives Australia ID: 3423240)\n	Figure 2.9: Bundaberg South Sea Islanders Anniversary Festival Poster 2013 (Bundaberg Regional Council)\n	Figure 2.10: Islands visited by labour vessel Ariel in 1893 (Queensland State Archives, Item ID1235095, Correspondence)\n	Figure 2.11: Fairymead Mill, Bundaberg, c 1890 (Queensland State Archives, Image ID 3511)\n	Figure 2.12: South Sea Islander Huts, Childers 1904 (Queensland Historical Atlas from University of Queensland)\n	Figure 2.13: Pacific Islands Collection Adelaide Museum (Author’s photo 16 March 2012)\n	Figure 2.14: Islanders in mixed European and Traditional attire, Mackay 1890 (State Library of Queensland, Negative No: 13355)\n	Figure 2.15: Yasso Point, named in memory of Mackay South Sea Islander couple (Author’s photo 9 May 2013)\n	Figure 3.1: ‘Ceremony with Turtle’ by Andrew Tovovur (Author’s photo 3 June 2012)\n	Figure 3.2: Mossman Canecutters Memorial (Author’s photo 1 April 2012)\n	Figure 3.3: Integral grouping of aspects surrounding the ASSI labour event (past)\n	Figure 3.4: Integral grouping of attached themes determined from literatures (present)\n	Figure 3.5: Quadrant 1 - Quadrant 2\n	Figure 3.6: Quadrant 3 - Quadrant 4\n	Figure 3.7: Quadrant 1 - Quadrant 3\n	Figure 3.8: Quadrant 2 - Quadrant 4\n	Figure 3.9: Quadrant 2 - Quadrant 3\n	Figure 3.10: Quadrant 1 - Quadrant 4\n	Figure 4.1: Locations of thesis ASSI memory sites (detailed in Table 4.3)\n	Figure 4.2: ASSI Descendant Groups (in red – see key) set against historic Australian sugar cane cultivation areas of 1874 and 1884 (Griggs 2011:47)\n	Figure 4.3: Data entry template\n	Figure 4.4: Example of a statue memorial – The ‘The Hoe Man’ - Gordonvale\n	Figure 4.5: South Sea Islander Honour Roll\n	Figure 4.6: Chindera Cemetery\n	Figure 4.7: Ingham Immigrant Remembrance Wall\n	Figure 5.1: Buderim Kanaka Wall on Escarpment\n	Figure 5.2: Yasso Point Marker, Bowen\n	Figure 5.3: Yasso Point Cairn, Bowen\n	Figure 5.4: Yasso Point Shelter And History Board, Bowen\n	Figure 5.5: Maryborough Kanaka Memorial\n	Figure 5.6: Point Vernon Cemetery signpost (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 5.7: North Queensland ASSI Fishery Falls Monument\n	Figure 5.8: 1880 SSI Specimens mixed (State Library of Queensland, Brandon album, ID 6298-0001-0020)\n	Figure 5.9: Gordonvale mosaic (Author\'s photo 21 June 2016)\n	Figure 5.10: ‘River Reflections’ mosaic panels – Innisfail\n	Figure 5.11: \'Take Me Too\' tile and plaque (Author\'s photo 18 February 2014)\n	Figure 5.12: Childers Memorial Totem metal engraving (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 5.13: Forgotten People monument, Mackay (Author\'s photo 8 May 2013)\n	Figure 5.14: Interpretive Tree Guide, Mackay (Author\'s photo 8 May 2013)\n	Figure 5.15: Polson Cemetery, Point Vernon (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 6.1: Kanaka Monument (John Thompson) – Childers\n	Figure 6.2: John Thompson Memorial, Childers (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 6.3: Port Douglas Sugar Wharf(s)\n	Figure 6.4: Sugar Cube Memorial, Mackay\n	Figure 6.5: Oaklands Sugar Mill Remnants, Morayfield\n	Figure 6.6: Habana Tramline Causeway and Wharf Site details\n	Figure 6.7: South Sea Islanders’ Sugar Wagon Trail – Yeppoon\n	Figure 6.8: Islander-built trail, Yeppoon\n	Figure 6.9: South Sea Islander Stone Wall - Mon Repos\n	Figure 6.10: Sunnyside Sugar Plantation (former) remains\n	Figure 6.11: Stone wall in farmland, Bargara (Author\'s photo 26 October 2013)\n	Figure 6.12: Replica stone wall, Bundaberg (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 6.13: Fitzgerald Landing Cairn, Innisfail\n	Figure 6.14: Old and new cairns, Fitzgerald Landing, Innisfail (Author\'s photo 21 June 2016)\n	Figure 6.15: Chjowai memorial, Innisfail (Author\'s photo 21 June 2013)\n	Figure 6.16: Pioneers Of The Sugar Industry Memorial – Innisfail\n	Figure 7.1: \'Forty-year-old white actor dressing up as a 14-year-old Tongan boy in brown face’ (Bolitho 2014 - Image courtesy buzzed.com)\n	Figure 7.2: Bowen South Sea Islander Mural\n	Figure 7.3: Close up of local identities cameos on Bowen wall mural (Image courtesy http://www.robcaz.net/bowen.htm )\n	Figure 7.4: Cane farmer statue and mosaic, Gordonvale (Author\'s photo 21 June 2016)\n	Figure 7.5: Gordonvale mosaic - \'SUGAR - NATURE’S SWEET GIFT’\n	Figure 7.6: Example of interpretive board, Cairns Esplanade\n	Figure 7.7: Robert Towns statue, Townsville, QLD (Author\'s photo 10 May 2013)\n	Figure 7.8: Robert Towns statue with interpretive board, Townsville (Author\'s photo 10 May 2013)\n	Figure 7.9: Mossman Cane Cutters Memorial\n	Figure 7.10: South Sea Islander Totems, Childers (Author’s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 7.11: The Isis Kanaka Story – Childers\n	Figure 7.12: South Sea Islander Totems – Childers\n	Figure 7.13: Mackay South Sea Islander Canecutter Memorial\n	Figure 7.14: South Sea Islander (KANAKA) Memorial\n	Figure 7.15: Buderim Reconciliation At St Marks\n	Figure 7.16: Buderim South Sea Islander Memorial\n	Figure 7.17: Chindera Corowa Park\n	Figure 7.18: Corowa Park dedication newspaper clipping (Tweed Regional Museum)\n	Figure 8.1: Mackay Lagoons ASSI Meeting House, exterior-interior (Author\'s photos 8 May 2013)\n	Figure 8.2: Mackay Sugar Mill, from the Mackay Lagoons Meeting House (Author\'s photo 8 May 2013)\n	Figure 8.3: ASSI Original Family Trees Plantings ‘The Forgotten People’\n	Figure 8.4: Mackay Homebush Mission Hall\n	Figure 8.5: St. John’s Mission Church\n	Figure 8.6: Bundaberg Cemetery (Google Earth image 8 August 2008)\n	Figure 8.7: South Sea Islander Church And Hall - Bundaberg Cemetery\n	Figure 8.8: Underground oven \'cuppa murri\', Bundaberg (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 8.9: Wood carvings, Bundaberg (Author\'s photo, 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 8.10: SSI Heritage and Community Complex layout, Bundaberg (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 8.11: Canecutter memorial, Point Vernon (Author\'s photo 23 October 2013)\n	Figure 8.12: Commemoration service honouring unmarked ASSI graves at Sunnyside Plantation, Bundaberg\n	Figure 8.13: Cudgeon Burial Ground, Chindera\n	Figure 8.14: Joskeleigh (Sandhills) Historical South Sea Islander Cemetery\n	Figure 8.15: Joskeleigh South Sea Islander Museum\n	Figure 8.16: Australian Sugar Heritage Centre (Museum) - Mourilyan ‘South Seas\n	Figure 8.17: Refined White Exhibition\n	Figure 8.18: Display examples in the Australian Sugar Heritage Centre, Mourilyan (Author\'s photo 28 December 2012 )\n	Figure 8.19: ‘Behind The Cane - The Untold Story Of South Sea Islanders In Australia’ Musical\n	Figure 8.20: Romancing The Cane Festival\n	Figure 8.21: Integral grouping of ASSI-related memory sites as nodes in networked relationships\n	Figure A4_1\n	Figure A4_2\nChapter 2: Research Context - Literatures\n	2.1 Introduction\n		2.1.1 The ASSI Cultural Landscape and Heritage Paradox\n	2.2 Paradox One: The Song Of Homer\n		2.2.1 Historical Representation\n		2.2.2 Historiographical Representation\n		2.2.3 Concluding the Song of Homer\n	2.3 Paradox Two: The Ship of Theseus\n		2.3.1 Material Representation\n		2.3.2 Entangled / Shared Material Culture\n		2.3.3 A Rudderless Ship\n	2.4 Conclusion\nTable 2.1: Australian Acts Specific to South Sea Islands Labour (Queensland Government State Archives)\nChapter 3: Theoretical Concepts - Liminal Spaces\n	3.1 Introduction\n	3.2 What Is Memory From An Archaeological Viewpoint?\n	3.3 An Archaeology Of Memory In Time And Place\n	3.4 Unravelling The Memory Matrix - Organising Key Concepts\n	3.5 A Quadrant Framework Of The Historic ASSI Event\n	3.6 A Quadrant Framework Of Ensuing ASSI Event Concepts\n		3.6.1 Relationships Between Quadrants 1 and 2\n		3.6.2 Relationships Between Quadrants 3 and 4\n		3.6.3 Relationships Between Quadrants 1 and 3\n		3.6.4 Relationships Between Quadrants 2 and 4\n		3.6.5 Relationships Between Quadrants 2 and 3\n		3.6.6 Relationships Between Quadrants 1 and 4\n		3.6.7 Overall Relationship Of Quadrants\n	3.7 Conclusion - ASSI Memory Sites\nChapter 4: The Memory Practices - Material Constructs\n	4.1 Introduction\n	4.2 ASSI-Related Memory Sites\n		4.2.1 Research Area\n		4.2.2 Selection of Sites\n		4.2.3 Sites Selection Method 1: Visitor Centre Email Response\n		4.2.4 Sites Selection Method 2: Structured Heritage Databases\n		4.2.5 Sites Selection Method 3: Unstructured Internet Search Engines And Field Work\n		4.2.6 Data Collection Recording Policy And Data Standards\n		4.2.7 The Database Variable Fields\n		4.2.8 Research Variables Database\n	4.3 Conclusion\nTable 4.1: Visitor centre email responses\nTable 4.2: ASSI-related places listed on heritage databases\nTable 4.3: Summary Thesis Database\nTable 4.4: Thesis relational variables database\nTable 4.5: Thesis Relational Database Variables Categories and Counts\nTable 4.6: Frequency of themes across thesis ASSI-related memory site assemblage\nTable 4.7: Frequency of form types across thesis ASSI-related memory site assemblage\nTable 4.8: Frequency of fabric types across thesis ASSI-related memory site assemblage\nTable 4.10: Frequency of ASSI-related memory site initiator across thesis assemblage\nTable 4.11: Frequency of ASSI-related memory site environment across thesis assemblage\nTable 4.9: Frequency of ASSI-related memory site function across thesis assemblage\nTable 4.12: Frequency of ASSI-related memory site setting across thesis assemblage\nTable 4.13: Chronological frequency of ASSI-related memory site across thesis assemblage\nChapter 5: Embedded Memory - Language Based\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 ASSI-Related Memory Sites\n	5.3 Verbally Embedded Historical Memory\n	5.4 A Rose By Any Other Name …\n	5.5 Weighty Words\n	5.6 Historical Photographs\n	5.7 Memorials as Idealised Histories (Positive and Negative)\n	5.8 Conclusion\nChapter 6: Entangled Memory - Cognitive Meaning\n	6.1 Introduction\n	6.2 Entanglement Issues: Memory By Inference Or Connotation\n		6.2.1: Entangled Landing/ Leaving Places\n		6.2.2: ASSI Memory Subsumed by Sugar Industry\n	6.3 Transport Networks and Over-Building\n	6.4 Islander Built Boundary Walls\n	6.5 ASSI Lost in Colonial Settlement Narrative\n	6.6 Conclusion\nChapter 7: Interactive Memory - Philosophical Constructs\n	7.1 Introduction\n	7.2 Public Art\n	7.3 Interpretive Boards and Statues\n	7.4 Stylised Metal Cane Cutter Sculptures\n	7.5 Naturalistic Statues\n	7.6 Conclusion\nChapter 8: Networked Memory\n	8.1 Introduction\n	8.2 Networks of Meaning\n		8.2.1 Mackay Lagoons Sector\n	8.3 Built Heritage\n		8.3.1 Religious Buildings\n		8.3.2 South Sea Islander Burial Grounds\n		8.3.3 Sunnyside Sugar Plantation\n		8.3.4 Cudgen South Sea Islander Burial Ground\n		8.3.5 Joskeleigh (Sandhills) Historical South Sea Islander Cemetery\n	8.4 A Tale Of Two Museums\n		8.4.1 Joskeleigh ASSI Museum\n		8.4.2 Australian Sugar Heritage Museum\n	8.5 Memory Styles\nChapter 9: Research Conclusion\n	9.1 Introduction\n	9.2 ASSI-Related Memory Sites As Materialised Memory\n	9.3 Public Memory Of The Colonial ASSI Past\n	9.4 Remembering The ASSI In The Present\n	9.5 Memory Strategies\n	9.6 The Role Of Memory Sites\n	9.7 Historical Archaeology\n	9.8 Future Archaeology Focus\nAppendix 1: Legislation\nAppendix 2: Australian South Sea Islander Organisations\nAppendix 3: Visitor Centre Email Template\nAppendix 4: Extended Detail Data Base\nAppendix 5: QHR Original Record for SSI Sugar Wagon Trail Yeppoon\nReferences\nBack cover