The Science of Wind Power

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Part I Physical Aspects of Wind Turbines (aka The Horse)
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		By Any Other Name
		Wind Power
			Wind Power Terminology and Development
				Terms and Definitions
		Wind Types
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 2 From Windmill to Wind Turbine
		Windmill to Wind Turbine
		The 411 on Windmills
		In the Beginning
		At the Present Time
		Summary
	Chapter 3 The Winds of Change
		Winds of Change Have Begun to Blow
		The Horse of Wind Power
		Wind Turbine Construction Materials
		Wind Farm
		Saddling the Horse
			Wind Turbine Foundations (Onshore)
			Wind Turbine Towers
			Wind Dynamics
			Wind Turbine Blades
		Inside the Horse​
			Land-Based Gearbox Turbine
			Nacelle
			Yaw System
			Pitch System
			Turbine Hub
			Turbine Gearbox
			Turbine Rotor
			Low-Speed Shaft
			Main Shaft Bearing
			High-Speed Shaft
			Wind Turbine Generators
				DC Generators
				AC Synchronous Generators (aka Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) or Electrically Excited Synchronous Generators (EESGs))
				AC Asynchronous Generators
				Switched Reluctance Wind Turbine Generator
			Wind Turbine Controller
			Wind Turbine Brake
		Wind Turbine Life Span
		The Bottom Line
		References
	Chapter 4 Wind Turbines, Cybersecurity, and SCADA
		Paralyzing the Horse
		Cyberspace
			Hacking a Wind Farm
		Monitoring and Controlling the Horse
		SCADA Applications
		SCADA Vulnerabilities
			US Electric Grid Gets Hacked Into
			The Increasing Risk
			Adoption of Technologies with Known Vulnerabilities
			Cyber Threats to Control Systems
			Securing Control Systems
		Steps to Improve SCADA Security
			21 Steps to Increase SCADA Security (DOE, 2001)
		The Bottom Line
		References
Part II The Nuts and Bolts of Wind Power
	Chapter 5 Wind Energy
		Introduction
		Air in Motion
		Wind Energy
		Wind Power Basics
			Wind Energy/Power Calculations
			Air Density Correction Factors
			Elevation and the earth’s Roughness
			Wind Turbine Rotor Efficiency
				Derivation of Betz’s Law
			Tip-Speed Ratio
		Small-Scale Wind Power
			Conditions for Stand-Alone Systems
			Conditions for Grid-Connected Systems
		The Bottom Line on Wind Power
		References
	Chapter 6 Blueprint Reading
		Groping in the Dark
		Illustrating the System
		Blueprints: The Universal Language
		Blueprint Standards
			Standards-Setting Organizations
			ANSI Standards for Blueprint Sheets
		Finding Information
			Detail Drawings
			Assembly Drawings
			Title Block
		Drawing Notes
			General Notes
			Local Notes
		Math Review
			Units of Measurement
			Fractions and Decimal Fractions
		Alphabet of Lines
			Just a Bunch of Drawn Lines?
			Visible Lines
			Hidden Lines
			Section Lines
			Centerlines
			Dimension and Extension Lines
				Leaders
			Cutting Plane or Viewing Plane Lines
			Break Lines
			Phantom Lines
				Line Gage
		Views
			Orthographic Projections
			One-View Drawings
			Two-View Drawings
			Three-View Drawings
			Auxiliary Views
		Dimensions and Shop Notes
			Dimensioning
			Decimal and Size Dimensions
			Definition of Dimensioning Terms
				1. Nominal Size
				2. Basic Size
				3. Allowance
				4. Design Size
				5. Limits
				6. Tolerance
				7. Datums
			Types of Dimensions
				Linear Dimensions
				Angular Dimensions
				Reference Dimensions
				Tabular Dimensions
				Arrowless Dimensions
			Shop Notes
		Machine Drawings
		Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings
			Standard Hydraulic System
			Standard Pneumatic System
			Hydraulic/Pneumatic Systems: Similarities and Differences
			Type of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings
			Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power Systems
			Symbols for Methods of Operation (Controls)
			Symbols for Rotary Devices
			Symbols for Lines
			Symbols for Valves
			Symbols for Miscellaneous Units
			Supplementary Information Accompanying Graphic Drawings
			Sequence of Operations
				Solenoid Chart
			Bill of Materials
		Electrical Drawings
			Troubleshooting and Electrical Drawings
				Electrical Symbols
				Electrical Drawings
			Types of Architectural Drawings
				Circuit Drawings
				Ladder Drawing
			Schematics and Symbols
			How to Use Schematic Diagrams
			Schematic Circuit Layout
			Schematic Symbols
			Lines on a Schematic
			Lines Connect Symbols
			Schematic Diagram: An Example (ANSI, 1982)
			A Schematic by Any Other Name Is a Line Diagram
			Schematics and Troubleshooting
		Electrical Schematics
			Electrical Symbols
			Schematic Lines
			Power Supplies: Electrical Systems
			Electrical Loads
			Switches
			Inductors (Coils)
			Transformers
			Fuses
			Circuit Breakers
			Electrical Contacts
			Resistors
			Reading Turbine Power Schematics
		General Piping Systems and System Schematics
			Piping Systems
			Piping Symbols: General
				Piping Joints
				Screwed Joints
				Welded Joints
				Flanged Joints
				Bell-and-Spigot Joints
				Soldered Joints
				Symbols for Joints and Fittings
		Valves
			Valves: Definition and Function (Valves, 1998)
			Valve Construction
			Types of Valves
				Ball Valve
				Cock Valves
				Gate Valves
				Globe Valves
				Check Valves
				Hydraulic Solenoid Valves
		The Bottom Line
		References
	Chapter 7 Basic Hydraulics and Accessories: Earth’s Blood (An Analogy)
		The 411 on Wind Turbine Hydraulics
		Piping by Another Name Might Be Hoses
			Hose Nomenclature
			Factors Governing Hose Selection
			Standards, Codes, and Sizes
				Standards and Codes
			Hose Size
			Hose Classifications
		Metallic Hose
		Nonmetallic Hose
			Types of Nonmetallic Hose
		Hose Couplings
		Hose Maintenance
		Pipe and Tube Fittings
			Fittings
			Functions of Fittings
				Changing the Direction of Flow
				Providing Branch Connections
				Changing the Sizes of Lines
				Sealing Lines
				Connecting Lines
			Types of Connections
				Screwed Fittings
				Flanged Connections
				Welded Connections
			Tubing Fittings and Connections
			Miscellaneous Fittings
		The Bottom Line
		References
	Chapter 8 Electrical Aspects
		Introduction
		Electrical Factors Important to Wind Energy
		Electrical Power Concepts
			Electricity: What Is It?
			Nature of Electricity
			The Structure of Matter
				Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
				Static Electricity
				Charged Bodies
				Coulomb’s Law
				Electrostatic Fields
				Magnetism
				Magnetic Materials
				Magnetic Earth
			Difference in Potential
				The Water Analogy
			Principal Methods of Producing a Voltage
			Current
			Resistance
			Battery-Supplied Electricity
			The Voltaic Cell
			Primary and Secondary Cells
			Battery
				Battery Operation
				Combining Cells
				Types of Batteries
			Battery Characteristics
		Simple Electrical Circuit
			Schematic Representation
		Ohm’s Law
		Electrical Power
			Electrical Power Calculations
		Electrical Energy
		Series D-C Circuit Characteristics
			Series Circuit Resistance
				Series Circuit Current
				Series Circuit Voltage
				Series Circuit Power
			Summary of the Rules for Series D-C Circuits
			General Series Circuit Analysis
			Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
			Polarity of Voltage Drops
		Series Aiding and Opposing Sources
		Kirchhoff’s Law and Multiple Source Solutions
		Ground
		Open and Short Circuits
		Parallel D-C Circuits
			Parallel Circuit Characteristics
			Voltage in Parallel Circuits
			Current in Parallel Circuits
			Parallel Circuits and Kirchhoff’s Current Law
			Parallel Circuit Resistance
			Reciprocal Method
			Product over the Sum Method
			Reduction to an Equivalent Circuit
			Power in Parallel Circuits
			Rules for Solving Parallel D-C Circuits
		Series-Parallel Circuits
			Solving a Series-Parallel Circuit
		Conductors
			Unit Size of Conductors
			Square Mil
			Circular Mil
			Circular-Mil-Foot
			Resistivity
			Wire Measurement
			Factors Governing the Selection of Wire Size
			Copper vs. Other Metal Conductors
			Temperature Coefficient
			Conductor Insulation
			Conductors Splices and Terminal Connections
				Soldering Operations
				Solderless Connections
				Insulation Tape
		Electromagnetism
			Magnetic Field around a Single Conductor
			Polarity of a Single Conductor
			Field around Two Parallel Conductors
			Magnetic Field of a Coil
			Polarity of an Electromagnetic Coil
			Strength of an Electromagnetic Field
				Magnetic Units
			Properties of Magnetic Materials
				Permeability
				Hysteresis
			Electromagnets
			Permanent Magnets for Wind Turbines
		A-C Theory
			Basic A-C Generator
			Cycle
			Frequency, Period, and Wavelength
			Characteristic Values of A-C Voltage and Current
				Peak Amplitude
				Peak-to-Peak Amplitude
				Instantaneous Amplitude
			Effective or RMS Value
			Average Value
			Resistance in A-C Circuits
				Phase Relationships
		Inductance
			Self-Inductance
			Mutual Inductance
			Calculation of Total Inductance
		Capacitance
		Reactance
		Power Factor
		Reactive Power
		Practical Electrical Applications
		Electrical Power Generation
			D-C Generators
			A-C Generators
			Motors
				D-C Motors
				A-C Motors
				Induction Motors
				Synchronous Motors
				Single-Phase Motors
			Transformers
		Power Distribution System Protection
			1. Fuses
			2. Circuit Breakers
			3. Control Devices
		Energy Storage
		The Bottom Line
		References
	Chapter 9 Where Eagles Don’t Dare
		Good, Bad, and Worse
		Environmental Impact of Wind Turbines
			Wind Energy Site Evaluation Impacts
				Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
				Cultural Resources
				Ecological Resources
				Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
				Land Use
				Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
				Paleontological Resources
				Transportation
				Visual Resources
				Socioeconomics
				Environmental Justice
				Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
				Acoustics (Noise)
			Wind Energy Construction Impacts
				Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
				Cultural Resources
				Ecological Resources
				Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
				Land Use
				Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
				Paleontological Resources
				Transportation
				Visual Resources
				Socioeconomics
				Environmental Justice
				Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
			Wind Energy Operation Impact
				Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
				Cultural Resources
				Ecological Resources
				Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
				Land Use
				Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
				Paleontological Resources
				Transportation
				Visual Resources
				Socioeconomics
				Environmental Justice
				Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
		Impacts on Wildlife
			Motion Smear
				The Theory of Motion Smear
				The Law of the Visual Angle
		Impact on Human Health
			Wind Turbine Noise Impact Based on Observation and Recent Scientific Research
		Environmental Impacts of Power Transmission Lines
			Energy Transmission Site Evaluation Impacts
				Air Quality
				Cultural Resources
				Ecological Resources
				Water Resources
				Land Use
				Soils and Geologic Resources
				Paleontological Resources
				Transportation
				Visual Resources
				Socioeconomics
				Environmental Justice
			Energy Transmission Construction Impacts
				Air Quality
				Cultural Resources
				Ecological Resources
				Water Resources
				Land Use
				Soils and Geologic Resources
				Paleontological Resources
				Transportation
				Visual Resources
				Socioeconomics
				Environmental Justice
			Energy Transmission Operations Impacts.
				Air Quality
				Cultural Resources
				Ecological Resources
				Water Resources
				Land Use
				Soils and Geologic Resources
				Paleontological Resources
				Transportation
				Visual Resources
				Socioeconomics
				Environmental Justice
		References
	Chapter 10 Wind Turbine Safety
		Introduction
		Wind Energy Fatalities/Incidents
		Wind Turbine Hazards and Applicable OSHA Standards and Controls
			Falls
			Confined Space Entry
			Fires
			Lockout/Tagout
			Medical and First Aid
			Crane, Derrick, Rigging, and Hoist Safety
			Electrical Safety
			Machine Guarding
			Respiratory Protection
		The Bottom Line on Wind Power
		Reference
Index