The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View

Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Dedicated
About the Author
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 What is Psychology?
	Defining Psychology
		The Psychological Frame of Mind
		Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior
	Critical Controversy Can Facebook Make You Miserable?
	Psychology in Historical Perspective
		Wundt\'s Structuralism and James\'s Functionalism
		Darwin\'s Natural Selection
	Psychological Inquiry Explore Evolution from Giraffes to Human Beings
	Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
		The Biological Approach
		The Behavioral Approach
		The Psychodynamic Approach
		The Humanistic Approach
		The Cognitive Approach
		The Evolutionary Approach
		The Sociocultural Approach
		Summing Up the Seven Contemporary Approaches
	What Psychologists Do
		Careers in Psychology
		Areas of Specialization
	Psychological Inquiry Questions That Psychology Specialists Ask
	Intersection Personality, Developmental, and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Why Do We Grow Up, Psychologically?
	The Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness
		How the Mind Impacts the Body
		How the Body Impacts the Mind
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
2 Psychology\'s Scientific Method
	Psychology\'s Scientific Method
		Step 1. Observing Some Phenomenon
		Step 2. Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions
		Step 3. Testing Through Empirical Research
		Step 4. Drawing Conclusions
		Step 5. Evaluating the Theory
	Types of Psychological Research
		Descriptive Research
		Correlational Research
	Psychological Inquiry Miserable but Helpful?
		Experimental Research
	Intersection Motivation and Social Psychology: Can a Sense of Purpose Buffer Distress in the Face of Diversity?
		Applications of the Three Types of Research
	Research Samples and Settings
		The Research Sample
		The Research Setting
	Analyzing and Interpreting Data
		Descriptive Statistics
	Psychological Inquiry Experimentation in a Natural Setting
		Inferential Statistics
	Conducting Ethical Research
		Ethics Guidelines
		Ethical Treatment of Research Animals
	Critical Controversy is It Ethical to Use Deception in Research?
	Thinking Critically About Psychological Research
		Avoid Overgeneralizing Based on Little Information
		Distinguish Between Group Results and Individual Needs
		Look for Answers Beyond a Single Study
		Avoid Attributing Causes Where None Have Been Found
		Consider the Source of Psychological Information
	The Scientific Method and Health and Wellness
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
3 Biological Foundations of Behavior
	The Nervous System
		Characteristics of the Nervous System
		Pathways in the Nervous System
		Divisions of the Nervous System
	Neurons
		Specialized Cell Structure
		The Neural Impulse
		Synapses and Neurotransmitters
	Critical Controversy Does Oxytocin Make People More Trusting?
		Neural Networks
	Structures of the Brain and Their Functions
		How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System
	Intersection Environmental Psychology and Neuroscience: How Does Spending Time in Nature Affect the Brain?
		How the Brain Is Organized
	Psychological Inquiry the Brain in Different Species
		The Cerebral Cortex
		The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research
		Integration of Function in the Brain
	The Endocrine System
	Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair
		The Brain\'s Plasticity and Capacity for Repair
		Brain Tissue Implants
	Genetics and Behavior
		Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
		The Study of Genetics
	Psychological Inquiry Identical Twins
		Genes and the Environment
	Psychology\'s Biological Foundations and Health and Wellness
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
4 Sensation and Perception
	How We Sense and Perceive the World
		The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception
	Psychological Inquiry Old Woman or Young Woman?
		Sensory Receptors and the Brain
		Thresholds
	Critical Controversy Can We Feel the Future?
		Signal Detection Theory
	Psychological Inquiry Subliminal Perception: Working Up a Thirst
		Perceiving Sensory Stimuli
		Sensory Adaptation
	The Visual System
		The Visual Stimulus and the Eye
		Visual Processing in the Brain
		Color Vision
		Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy
	The Auditory System
		The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It
		Structures and Functions of the Ear
		Theories of Hearing
		Auditory Processing in the Brain
		Localizing Sound
	Other Senses
		The Skin Senses
	Intersection Sensation and Social Psychology: Why Do Some People Literally Feel What Others Feel?
		The Chemical Senses
		The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
	Sensation, Perception, and Health and Wellness
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
5 States of Consciousness
	The Nature of Consciousness
		Defining Consciousness
		Consciousness and the Brain
		Levels of Awareness
	Critical Controversy Is Human Kindness Automatic?
	Sleep and Dreams
		Biological Rhythms and Sleep
		Why Do We Need Sleep?
		Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
	Psychological Inquiry Taking a Ride on the Sleep Cycles
		Sleep Throughout the Life Span
		Sleep and Disease
		Sleep Disorders
		Dreams
	Psychoactive Drugs
		Uses of Psychoactive Drugs
	Psychological Inquiry Drug Use by U.S. Teenagers
		Types of Psychoactive Drugs
	Hypnosis
		The Nature of Hypnosis
		Explaining Hypnosis
		Uses of Hypnosis
	Consciousness and Health and Wellness: Meditation
		Mindfulness Meditation
		Lovingkindness Meditation
		The Meditative State of Mind
		Getting Started with Meditation
	Intersection Consciousness and Social Psychology: Can Lovingkindness Meditation Reduce Prejudice?
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
6 Learning
	Types of Learning
	Classical Conditioning
		Pavlov\'s Studies
	Psychological Inquiry from Acquisition to Extinction (to Spontaneous Recovery)
		Classical Conditioning in Humans
	Intersection Learning and Health Psychology: Can Classical Conditioning Be Used to Combat Obesity?
	Operant Conditioning
		Defining Operant Conditioning
		Thorndike\'s Law of Effect
		Skinner\'s Approach to Operant Conditioning
		Shaping
		Principles of Reinforcement
	Psychological Inquiry Schedules of Reinforcement and Different Patterns of Responding
		Applied Behavior Analysis
	Observational Learning
	Cognitive Factors in Learning
		Purposive Behavior
		Insight Learning
	Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
		Biological Constraints
		Cultural Influences
		Psychological Constraints
	Critical COntroversy Do Learning Styles Matter to Learning?
	Learning and Health and Wellness
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
7 Memory
	The Nature of Memory
	Memory Encoding
		Attention
		Levels of Processing
		Elaboration
	Critical Controversy Why Is the Pen Superior to the Keyboard?
		Imagery
	Memory Storage
		Sensory Memory
		Short-Term Memory
	Psychological Inquiry the Inner Workings of Working Memory
		Long-Term Memory
	Memory Retrieval
		Serial Position Effect
	Psychological Inquiry the Serial Position Effect: Lost in Midstream
		Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task
		Special Cases of Retrieval
	Intersection Consciousness and Cognitive Psychology: Can Mindfulness Meditation Increase Susceptibility to False Memories?
	Forgetting
		Encoding Failure
		Retrieval Failure
	Study Tips from the Science of Memory
	Memory and Health and Wellness
		Keeping Memory Sharp-and Preserving Brain Function
		Memory and the Shaping of Meaningful Experiences
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
8 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
	The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
	Thinking
		Concepts
		Problem Solving
	Psychological Inquiry Thinking Outside the Box
		Reasoning and Decision Making
		Thinking Critically and Creatively
	Intersection Cognitive Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Do Children Engage in Wishful Thinking?
	Intelligence
		Measuring Intelligence
	Psychological Inquiry the Normal Curve
		Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
		Extremes of Intelligence
	Critical Controversy Do Teachers Have Stereotypes About Gifted Children?
		Theories of Multiple Intelligences
	Language
		The Basic Properties of Language
		Language and Cognition
		Biological and Environmental Influences on Language
		Language Development over the Life Span
	Thinking, Problem Solving, and Health and Wellness
		Cognitive Appraisal and Stress
		Cognitive Reappraisal
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
9 Human Development
	Exploring Human Development
		Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
		How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development?
		What Is the Developer\'s Role in Development?
		Are Early or Later Life Experiences More Important in Development?
	Child Development
		Prenatal Development
		Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
	Critical Controversy Do \"Sticky Mittens\" Foster Reaching in Infants?
		Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
	Psychological Inquiry Thinking Critically About Object Permanence
		Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Childhood
		Moral Development in Childhood
	Adolescence
		Physical Development in Adolescence
		Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
	Psychological Inquiry Exploring Identity Exploration
	Emerging Adulthood, Adult Development, and Aging
		Emerging Adulthood
		Physical Development in Adulthood
		Cognitive Development in Adulthood
		Socioemotional Development in Adulthood
	Human Development and Health and Wellness
	Intersection Developmental Psychology and Emotion: How Does the Emotional Work of Parenting Influence Well-Being?
		Coping and Adult Development
		Life Themes and Life-Span Development
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
10 Motivation and Emotion
	Theories of Motivation
		The Evolutionary Approach
		Drive Reduction Theory
	Psychological Inquiry Obeying the (Yerkes-Dodson) Law
		Optimum Arousal Theory
	Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders
		The Biology of Hunger
		Obesity
		Disordered Eating
	Approaches to Motivation in Everyday Life
		Maslow\'s Hierarchy of Human Needs
		Self-Determination Theory
		Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
		Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals
	Critical Controversy Do Superstars Inspire or Discourage?
	Intersection Motivation and Behavior Genetics: Why Do We Procrastinate?
	Emotion
		Biological Factors in Emotion
		Cognitive Factors in Emotion
		Behavioral Factors in Emotion
		Sociocultural Factors in Emotion
		Classifying Emotions
	Psychological Inquiry The Full Circle of Emotions
		The Adaptive Functions of Emotions
	Motivation, Emotion, and Health and Wellness: The Pursuit of Happiness
		Biological Factors in Happiness
		Obstacles in the Pursuit of Happiness
		Happiness Activities and Goal Striving
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
11 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
	Defining Sex and Gender
		Sex and Its Biological Components
		Gender
		Genes, Sex, and Gender
		Disorders of Sexual Development
		When Genetic Sex and Gender Conflict: Transgender Experience
	Theories of Gender Development
		Biological Approaches
		Evolutionary Psychology
		Social Cognitive Approaches
		Social Role Theory
	Critical Controversy are Men Better Negotiators Than Women?
		Evaluating the Theoretical Approaches to Gender
	The Psychology of Gender Differences
		Emotion, Empathy, and Helping
		Cognitive Ability
		Aggression
		Sexuality
	Psychological Inquiry Sex and Casual Sex
		Evaluating the Evidence for Gender Differences
	Sexual Orientation
		Defining Sexual Orientation
		Occurrence of the Different Sexual Orientations
		Origins of Sexual Orientation: A Scientific Puzzle
		Gay and Lesbian Functioning
	Sexual Behaviors and Practices
		Sexual Behaviors
		Sexual Practices
	Psychological Inquiry Sex in America
		The Human Sexual Response Pattern
		Cognition and Other Factors in Sexual Behavior
	Sexual Variations and Disorders
		Fetishes
	Intersection Developmental Psychology and Health Psychology: When Is a Person Psychologically \"Ready\" for Sex?
		Paraphilic Disorders
		Pedophilic Disorder
		Disorders of Sexual Desire and Sexual Response
		Variations, Disorders, and the Meaning of Normality
	Sexuality and Health and Wellness
		Sexual Behavior and Physical Health
		Sexual Behavior and Psychological Well-Being
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
12 Personality
	Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Freud\'s Psychoanalytic Theory
		Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists
	Critical Controversy Does Birth Order Affect Personality?
		Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives
	Humanistic Perspectives
		Maslow\'s Approach
		Rogers\'s Approach
		Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives
	Trait Perspectives
		Trait Theories
		The Five-Factor Model of Personality
	Psychological Inquiry Your Personality Traits: Who Are You?
		Evaluating the Trait Perspectives
	Intersection Personality Psychology and Comparative Psychology: Do Life Experiences Influence Personality?
	Personological and Life Story Perspectives
		Murray\'s Personological Approach
		The Life Story Approach to Identity
		Evaluating the Personological and Life Story Perspectives
	Social Cognitive Perspectives
		Bandura\'s Social Cognitive Theory
		Mischel\'s Contributions
		Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives
	Biological Perspectives
		Personality and the Brain
		Personality and Behavioral Genetics
		Evaluating the Biological Perspectives
	Personality Assessment
		Self-Report Tests
		Projective Tests
		Other Assessment Methods
	Personality and Health and Wellness
		Personality and Physical Health
	Psychological Inquiry a Can-Do Attitude Means You Can Quit Smoking
		Personality and Psychological Well-Being
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
13 Social Psychology
	Defining Social Psychology
		Features of Social Psychology
		An Example: The Bystander Effect
	Social Cognition
		Person Perception
		Attribution
		The Self as a Social Object
		Attitudes
	Intersection Social Psychology and Personality Psychology: Do Some People Just Hate Everything?
	Social Behavior
		Altruism
		Aggression
	Social Influence
		Conformity and Obedience
	Psychological Inquiry Obedience Then and Now
		Group Influence
	Intergroup Relations
		Group Identity
	Critical Controversy Why Does a Cell Phone Look Like a Gun?
		Ways to Improve Intergroup Relations
	Psychological Inquiry Improving Group Relations Through Cooperative Activities
	Close Relationships
		Attraction
		Love
		Models of Close Relationships
	Social Psychology and Health and Wellness
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
14 Industrial and Organizational Psychology
	Origins of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
		Scientific Management
		Ergonomics: Where Psychology Meets Engineering
		The Hawthorne Studies and the Human Relations Approach to Management
	Industrial Psychology
		Job Analysis
	Psychological Inquiry the Fastest-Growing Jobs in the United States
		Employee Selection
	Intersection I-O Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience: Can Neuroscience Help Identify the Right Brain for the Job?
		Training
		Performance Appraisal
	Organizational Psychology
		Approaches to Management
		Job Satisfaction
		Employee Commitment
		The Meaning of Work
		Leadership
	Organizational Culture
		Positive Organizational Culture
		Toxic Factors in the Workplace
	I-O Psychology and Health and Wellness
		Unemployment
		Stress at Work
	Critical Controversy Why Is Work-Life Balance So Difficult?
	Psychological Inquiry You Need a Vacation!
		Managing Job Stress
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
15 Psychological Disorders
	Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior
		Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders
		Classifying Abnormal Behavior
	Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
	Critical Controversy Does Everyone Have ADHD?
		Panic Disorder
		Specific Phobia
		Social Anxiety Disorder
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
	Intersection Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology: Can Authentic Interactions Help Those with Social Anxiety?
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
	Disorders Involving Emotion and Mood
		Depressive Disorders
		Bipolar Disorder
	Psychological Inquiry Depression Among Women and Men Across Cultures
	Dissociative Disorders
		Dissociative Amnesia
		Dissociative Identity Disorder
	Schizophrenia
		Symptoms of Schizophrenia
		Causes of Schizophrenia
	Psychological Inquiry The Association of Genes with Schizophrenia
	Personality Disorders
		Antisocial Personality Disorder
		Borderline Personality Disorder
	Suicide
		Biological Factors
		Psychological Factors
		Sociocultural Factors
	Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness
		Consequences of Stigma
		Overcoming Stigma
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
16 Therapies
	Approaches To Treating Psychological Disorders
		The Psychological Approach to Therapy
		The Biological Approach to Therapy
	Psychotherapy
		Central Issues in Psychotherapy
	Psychological Inquiry Does Therapy Work?
		Psychodynamic Therapies
		Humanistic Therapies
		Behavior Therapies
	Psychological Inquiry Classical Conditioning: The Backbone of Aversive Conditioning
		Cognitive Therapies
	Intersection Clinical Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Can CBT Be Applied More Effectively to Children?
		Therapy Integrations
	Biological Therapies
		Drug Therapy
	Critical Controversy are Antidepressants Better Than Placebos?
		Electroconvulsive Therapy
		Psychosurgery
	Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment
		Group Therapy
		Family and Couples Therapy
		Self-Help Support Groups
		Community Mental Health
		Cultural Perspectives
	Therapies and Health and Wellness
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
17 Health Psychology
	Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
		The Biopsychosocial Model
		The Relationship Between Mind and Body
	Making Positive Life Changes
		Theoretical Models of Change
		The Stages of Change Model
	Resources for Effective Life Change
		Motivation
		Social Relationships
		Religious Faith
	Psychological Inquiry Praying for Good Health
	Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress
		Stress and Its Stages
		Stress and the Immune System
		Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
		Stress and Cancer
		Coping with Stress
		Strategies for Successful Coping
		Stress Management Programs
	Critical Controversy How Powerful Is the Power of Positive Thinking?
	Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It
		Becoming Physically Active
	Psychological Inquiry Physical Activity: A Matter of Life and Death
		Eating Right
	Intersection Health Psychology and Cognition: Can Mindless Processing Enhance Healthy Eating?
		Quitting Smoking
	Psychology and Your Good Life
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Apply Your Knowledge
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index