The Science of Green Energy

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Prologue
	Note
About the Author
Part I The Basic
	1 Going Green
		Introduction
		Sidebar 1.1—Peak Oil
		What Is Green Energy?
		Hypothetical Case Study 1.1
		The 411 On Energy
		Types of Energy
		Nonrenewable Energy Versus Green Energy
		Green Energy Forms
		The Bottom Line
		Note
		References and Recommended Reading
	2 Solar Energy
		Introduction
		Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
		Linear Concentrators
		Parabolic Trough Systems
		Fresnel Reflector Systems
		Dish/Engine System
		Power Tower System
		Thermal Storage (EERE, 2008c)
		Two-Tank Direct System
		Two-Tank Indirect System
		Single-Tank Thermocline System
		Photovoltaics (PV)
		Solar Energy and Domestic/Industrial Use
		Solar Hot Water
		Solar Process Heat
			Space Heating
			Case Study—General Motors Battery Plant
			Water Heating
			Space Cooling
		Let There Be Natural Light
		Lighting Technologies
			Lamps
			Ballasts
			Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures)
			Lighting Controls
			Daylighting
		The Bottom Line On Solar Energy
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	3 Wind Energy
		Introduction
		Air in Motion
		Wind Energy
		Wind Power Basics
		Wind Turbine Types
		Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
		Inside the HAWT
			Turbine Components/Parameters
		Wind Energy/Power Calculations
		Air Density Correction Factors
		Elevation and Earth’s Roughness
		Wind Turbine Rotor Efficiency
			Derivation of Betz’ Law
		Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR)
		Small-Scale Wind Power
			Conditions for Stand-Alone Systems
			Conditions for Grid-Connected Systems
		The Bottom Line On Wind Power
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	4 Hydropower
		Introduction
			Impoundment
			Diversion
			Pumped Storage Hydropower “Battery”
		Hydropower Basic Concepts
		Stevin’s Law
		Properties of Water
		Density and Specific Gravity
		Force and Pressure
		Hydrostatic Pressure
		Head
		Flow/Discharge Rate: Water in Motion
		Area/Velocity
		Pressure/Velocity
		Piezometric Surface and Bernoulli’s Theorem
		Conservation of Energy
		Energy Head
		Energy Available
		Major Head Loss
			Calculating Major Head Loss
				C Factor
				Slope
			Minor Head Loss
		Reservoir Stored Energy
		Hydro Turbines
			Impulse Turbine
			Reaction Turbine
		Advanced Hydropower Technology
		Hydropower Generation: Dissolved Oxygen Concerns
		Bottom Line On Hydropower
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	5 Bioenergy
		Introduction
		Biomass
			Feedstock Types
			Composition of Biomass
				Plant Terminology
		Understanding Biomass: Plant Basics
			The Plant Cell
			Vascular Plants
			Leaves
			Chlorophyll/Chloroplast
			Photosynthesis
			Roots
			Growth in Vascular Plants
			Plant Hormones
			Tropisms: Plant Behavior
			Photoperiodism
			Plant Reproduction
			Biomass Plant Cell Walls
		First-Generation Feedstocks
		Second-Generation Feedstocks: Short-Term Availability
		Second-Generation Feedstocks: Long-Term Availability
			Short-Rotation Woody Crops (SRWC)
		Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
		Bioethanol Production: Dry Corn Mill Process
			Pros and Cons of Bioethanol
		Sidebar 5.1 Corn: Ethanol Production Or Food Supply?
		Biodiesel
			Algae to Biodiesel
				Algae
				Algal Terminology
				Characteristics of Algal Divisions
			Jatropha to Biodiesel
			Pros and Cons of Biodiesel
		Biogas (Methane CH4)
			Anaerobic Digestion
			Stages of Anaerobic Digestion
			Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Biosolids (Sludge)
			Required Seed Volume in Gallons
			Volatile Acids to Alkalinity Ratio
			Sludge Retention Time
			Estimated Gas Production in Cubic Feet/Day
			Volatile Matter Reduction, Percent
			Percent Moisture Reduction in Digested Sludge
			Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Wastes
			Landfill Biogas
		Biomass for Biopower
		Biomass for Bioproducts
			Classes of Bioproducts
		Sidebar 5.2 The Brazilian Example
		The Bottom Line
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	6 Geothermal Energy
		Introduction
			Geothermal Time Line
				8,000 Bce (And Earlier)
				1807
				1847
				1852
				1862
				1864
				1892
				1900
				1921
				1927
				1930
				1940
				1948
				1960
				1978
				1979
				1980
				1982
				1984
				1987
				1989
				1992
				1993
				1995
				2002
				2003
		Geothermal Energy: The Basics
			Earth’s Layers
			Crustal Plates
			Convergent Boundaries
			Divergent Boundaries
			Transform Plate Boundaries
		Energy Conversion
		Geothermal Power Plant Technologies
			Dry Steam Power Plants
			Flash Steam Power Plants
			Binary-Cycle Power Plants
		Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
		Geothermal Heat Pumps
			Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps
		The Bottom Line
		Note
		References and Recommended Reading
	7 Marine Energy
		The Ripple Effect
		Sidebar 7.1—The Sea Pays No Homage to Kings
		Key Terms and Definitions
		Oceans and Their Margins
		The Ocean Floor
		Ocean Tides, Currents, and Waves
		Coastal Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
		Marine Transportation
		Marine Deposition
		Wave Energy
		Wave Energy: Facts, Parameters, and Equations
		Wave Energy Conversion Technology
		Tidal Energy
		Tidal Energy Technologies
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		Ocean Energy Conversion Process
		The Bottom Line
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	8 Fuel Cells
		Introduction
		Fuel Cells: A Realistic View
			Hydrogen
				Hydrogen Storage
				Hydrogen Fuel Cell
		The Bottom Line
		Note
		Recommended Reading
Part II Practical Applications
	9 Green Energy Sources and Practices
		Scope and Structure
		The 411 On Green Energy Practices
		Green Jobs Act (2007)
		Sidebar 9.1—Green Energy: Old Paradigm Versus “New” Paradigm
		Green Building
		What’s It All About?
		The Bottom Line
		References and Recommended Reading
Part III Green Infrastructure
	10 Living With Nature
		Introduction
		Types of Green Infrastructure
		Green Roofs
		Living Roofs
		Talk About Roofs
		Types of Green Roofs
		Green Roof Benefits
		Water Quality and Stormwater Management
		Urban Heat Islands
		Downspout Disconnection
		Rainwater Harvesting
		Rain Gardens
		Planter Boxes
		Bioswales
		Permeable Pavements
		Green Parking
		Land Conservation
		Green Streets and Alleys
		Urban Tree Canopy
		The Bottom Line
		Note
		References and Recommended Reading
	11 Weather Insulation and Sealing
		Introduction
		Weatherizing, Insulating, and Sealing
		Creating the Envelope: A Personal Example
		Step 1
			Safety and Health Concerns: Subset of Step One
		Weather Insulating/Sealing Job Hazards
			Hazards and Controls
			Confined Space Hazards in Weather Insulating/Sealing Activities
			Fall Hazards in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Medical and First Aid in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Electrical Safety in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Respiratory Hazards in Weather Insulting/Sealing Jobs
			Personal Protective Equipment for Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
				Protective Equipment for SPF Application
				General Safety and Hygiene Measures
			Ventilation in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			History: Fatalities and Incidents
		Sealing Attic Air Leaks
		Step 2
		Step 3–In the Basement
		Weather Insulating/Sealing Job Hazards
		The Bottom Line
			Hazards and Controls
			Confined Space Hazards in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Fall Hazards in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Medical and First Aid in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Electrical Safety in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Respiratory Hazards in Weather Insulting/Sealing Jobs
			Personal Protective Equipment for Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
			Ventilation in Weather Insulating/Sealing Jobs
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	12 Recycling
		Waste Management and Recycling Job Hazards
		Recycling: What It Is All About
		Recycling: the Challenges
		Personnel Hazards of Recycling
			Hazards and Controls
			Traffic Safety in Recycling Jobs
			Ergonomics in Recycling Jobs
			Lead Exposure in Recycling Jobs
			Unexpected Machine Start-Up in Recycling Jobs
		Notes
		References and Recommended Reading
	13 Green Energy Waste Streams
		Introduction
		Solar Panels Waste
		US Geological Critical Minerals List (2022)
		Lithium Batteries
		Atomic Structure of Lithium
		Basic Properties of Lithium
		Lithium Compounds
			Lithium Carbonate
			Lithium Stearate
			Lithium Hydroxide
		Lithium-Ion Battery Waste
		Sidebar 13.1 Lithium-Ion Versus Sodium Ion Batteries
		Wind Turbine Waste
		The Bottom Line
		References
	14 Green Energy in a Circular Economy
		The 411 On Circular Economy
		The Transition: Linear to Circular Economy
		China’s Linear Economy
		Praseodymium
		Dysprosium
		Neodymium
		Terbium
		It’s Beginning to Sink In
		Current Green Energy Practices
		Solar PV: Reuse and Refurbish
		Energy Storage Li-Ion Batteries: Reuse and Refurbish
		Wind Energy: Reuse and Refurbishment
		Note
		References
	15 Conclusion
Index