The Rural-Urban Interface: An Interdisciplinary Research Approach to Urbanisation Processes Around the Indian Megacity Bengaluru

Preface
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 The Rural–Urban Interface: An Interdisciplinary Research Approach to Urbanisation Processes Around the Indian Megacity Bengaluru
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Bengaluru as an In Situ Laboratory for Research on Rural–Urban Transitions
	1.3 Baseline Characteristics Within the Research Transects
		1.3.1 Social Strata in the Survey Sample
		1.3.2 Agricultural Households in the Survey Sample
		1.3.3 Cropping Practice in the Survey Sample
	1.4 Conclusions
	References
Part II Changing Patterns of Land Use and Agriculture
2 Temporal Dynamics of Land Use Change and Spatial Urbanisation Indices in the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru Over the Past Three Decades
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Materials and Methods
		2.2.1 Remote Sensing Data and Land Cover Classification
		2.2.2 Survey Stratification Index (SSI) and Its Application in the Time Series Analysis
	2.3 Results
		2.3.1 Distribution of Land Cover Classes Along the Transects in 2016
		2.3.2 Land Cover Dynamics Over the Past Three Decades
		2.3.3 Consistency of the SSI Calculation
		2.3.4 SSI Dynamics
	2.4 Discussion
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
3 Urbanisation Effects on Agricultural Production Systems Across the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Materials and Methods
	3.3 Results
	3.4 Discussion
	3.5 Conclusions
	References
4 Changes in Land Use Pattern Vis-a-Vis Urbanisation and Credit Across the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Data and Methodology
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Total Credit Borrowed by Farmers from Different Sources
		4.3.2 Enterprise and Crop Diversification by Farmers Across Rural Urban Interface
	4.4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	References
5 Dairy Production in an Urbanising Environment: A Social-Ecological Approach to Understand the Case of Bengaluru
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methodology
	5.3 Results
		5.3.1 Similarities and Differences in Dairy Production Along the RUI
	5.4 Discussion
		5.4.1 A Social-Ecological Approach: The Consumer, the Producer and the Cow in the City
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
6 Capital Formation Across the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru North: An Economic Analysis
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methods
	6.3 Results
		6.3.1 Pattern of Farm Capital Formation
		6.3.2 Factors Influencing Capital Formation in Agriculture
	6.4 Discussion
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
Part III Resource Use, Efficiencies and Tradeoffs in Crop and Livestock Production
7 Crop Production Under Urbanisation: An Experimental Approach to Understand and Model Agricultural Intensification
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Materials and Methods
		7.2.1 Setup of the Field Experiments
		7.2.2 Determination of Biomass and Soil Nutrients
		7.2.3 Instrumentation for Monitoring of Nutrient Flows
	7.3 Results
		7.3.1 Biomass Yield
		7.3.2 Soil Chemical Properties
	7.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
8 Effects of Soil Management Practices on Soil Physical Properties and Water Cycle in a Multifactorial Field Experiment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials and Methods
		8.2.1 Field Experiments
	8.3 Results and Discussion
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 Biomass Estimation of Vegetables—Can Remote Sensing Be a Tool for It?
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Materials and Methods
	9.3 Results
	9.4 Discussion
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Dairy Farms in an Urbanising Environment: Tradeoffs Between Productivity and Animal Welfare
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
	10.3 Results
	10.4 Discussion
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
Part IV Food Systems as Outcomes and Drivers of Rural-Urban Transitions
11 Crop Diversity, Dietary Diversity, and Nutritional Intake: Evidence on Inter-Linkages Across the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Data and Methodology
		11.2.1 Analytical Techniques Employed
	11.3 Results and Discussion
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
12 Food Security and Factors Influencing Food and Calorie Intake Across the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Data and Methodology
		12.2.1 Sampling Frame
		12.2.2 Analytical Techniques
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 Status of Food Security in the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
		12.3.2 Factors Influencing Food Security
		12.3.3 Factors Influencing Calorie Intake
	12.4 Conclusions
	References
13 Household and Individual Nutrition in the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methods
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Household Macro- and Micro-nutrient Consumption
		13.3.2 Nutritional Status of Children
		13.3.3 Nutritional Status of Women
	13.4 Conclusions
	References
14 Nutritional Status of Women Across Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Materials and Methods
	14.3 Results
		14.3.1 Anthropometric Measurements
		14.3.2 Nutrient Intake
		14.3.3 Prevalence of Non-communicable Diseases
	14.4 Discussion
	14.5 Conclusions
	References
15 “Homemade Food is Always Healthy”: The Ambivalence of a Traditionalisation of Diets in Bengaluru
	15.1 The Traditionalisation of Diets
		15.1.1 The Up- and Downsides of a Traditionalisation of Diets
		15.1.2 Traditionalisation of Diets in Bengaluru
	15.2 Conclusions
	References
Part V Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions Under Rural-Urban Transitions
16 Tree Species Diversity in the Southern Transect Across the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Materials and Methods
		16.2.1 Indices for Diversity, Biomass, and Importance
	16.3 Results and Discussion
	16.4 Conclusions
	Annex
	References
17 Biodiversity of Birds Along the Rural–Urban Interface of the Indian Megacity Bengaluru
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Materials and Methods
		17.2.1 Study Design
		17.2.2 Bird Surveys
		17.2.3 Statistical Analysis
	17.3 Results
	17.4 Discussion
	17.5 Conclusions
	References
18 Bee Diversity in the Rural–Urban Interface of Bengaluru and Scope for Pollinator-Integrated Urban Agriculture
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Materials and Methods
		18.2.1 Site Selection
		18.2.2 Pan Trap Sampling
		18.2.3 Assessment of Background Flora
	18.3 Results
		18.3.1 Bees Species Composition Across the Rural–Urban Gradient
		18.3.2 Composition of Floral Abundance of Bee-Supporting Flora Across the Rural–Urban Gradient
		18.3.3 Interaction of Bees and Surrounding Flora
	18.4 Discussion
	18.5 Conclusions
	References
19 Dynamics of Field Margin Vegetation with Changing Agricultural Landscape Across a Rural–Urban Interface
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Materials and Methods
		19.2.1 Study Area and Survey Design
		19.2.2 Household Survey on Crop and FMV Management
		19.2.3 Field Survey of Crops and Field Margin Vegetation
	19.3 Results
		19.3.1 Changes in the Agroecological Landscape
		19.3.2 Status of Field Margin Vegetation
		19.3.3 Use of Field Margin Vegetation
	19.4 Discussion
	19.5 Conclusions
	References
Part VI Conclusion
20 Dynamics in the Rural–Urban Interface of an Indian Megacity—Synopsis and Outlook
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Synopsis
		20.2.1 Changing Patterns of Land Use and Agriculture
		20.2.2 Resource Use, Efficiencies and Tradeoffs in Crop and Livestock Production
		20.2.3 Food Systems as Outcomes and Drivers of Rural-Urban Transitions
		20.2.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions under Rural-Urban Transitions
	20.3 Discussion and Outlook
	References