The Routledge International Handbook of Drug-Related Death Bereavement (Routledge International Handbooks)

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Part I: Setting the stage
	Chapter 1: Introduction to the handbook
		Why do we need this handbook?
		What we mean by DRD
		Definitions of fundamental concepts
		On the use of language
		General aims of the handbook
		Overview of the handbook sections and chapters
			Part I: Setting the stage
			Part II: Context: The societal embeddedness of bereavement following a drug-related death
			Part III: Consequence and coping (1): The bereavement experience following a drug-related death
			Part IV: Consequences and coping (2): Beyond the western world
			Part V: Care (1): Supporting bereaved persons following a drug-related death
			Part VI: Care (2): Treatments for drug-related death-bereaved persons in need
			Part VII: Reflections
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 2: Researching drug-related death bereavement: Methodological suggestions for the study of key conceptual issues
		Methodological suggestions for DRD bereavement research
			Registering conceptual issues and research design proposals
				Conceptualizing DRD and mapping the field
				Identifying grief processes in DRD bereavement, their key determinants and outcomes
				Unpacking the phenomenology of DRD grief and coping with bereavement
				Understanding informal and formal support of DRD bereavement
				A note on ethics
		A call for theoretical, epistemological and methodological attunement
		Epilogue
		References
	Chapter 3: Drug-related death bereavement: Commentary by a bereaved parent on a research study
		The reprinted article
			Kelly Thomas’s commentary on Titlestad, Stroebe, and Dyregrov (2020)
				Processing grief emotions
				Proactive coping
				Giving and receiving support and assistance
			Authors’ comments
		References
Part II: Context: The societal embeddedness of bereavement following a drug-related death
	Chapter 4: The importance of cultural context: A cross-cultural perspective on drug-death bereavement
		Crucial importance of culture
		Drug-death bereavement in cultures with a concept of “good” versus “bad” death
		Challenges for multicultural individuals, couples, and families
		Drug user subcultures and drug-death bereavement
		Needed research on culture and drug-death bereavement
		References
	Chapter 5: Drug policy and welfare systems as context for drug-related death bereavement
		Introduction
			The fight against drugs as context for drug-death bereavement: A common global history
			The normative basis of welfare policies
			The pathways of influence and the scope for civil involvement
			The role of expertise in the policy community
		Four national contexts of drug-death bereavement
			United Kingdom: Politization and disintegration of the traditional policy community
			Portugal: An inclusive policy model and an influential policy community
			Canada: Mobilization and front runners in a federal structure
				Mothers paving a way
			Norway: Universal welfare and blind spots
			Commonalities and differences between national traditions
		Civil mobilization, policymaking, and the voices of the bereaved
		Note
		References
	Chapter 6: Disenfranchisement following a drug-related death
		Introduction
		The nature of disenfranchised grief
		Categories of disenfranchised grief
			Unrecognized relationships
			Unacknowledged loss
			Unacknowledged bereaved
			Unacknowledged deaths
			Unacknowledged ways of grieving
		The reasons for/explanations of disenfranchisement
			Stigmatization
			Legal circumstances
			Complex emotions
		Enfranchising DRDs
			Measures at a structural level
			Measures at a group/individual level
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 7: The impact of stigma before and after drug-related deaths
		Overall background: The stigma of behaviour health
			Types of stigma
			Stigma and family role
		The special case of stigma and SUD
			SUD Stigma is legal: Civilly and criminally
			SUD stigma is used to promote prevention
			Some SUD interventions worsen stigma
		Stigma and bereavement
		Ways to address stigma
			Education
			Contact
			Changing the stigma related to bereavement
		Final thoughts
		References
Part III: Consequences and coping (1): The bereavement experience following a drug-related death
	Chapter 8: Bereaved parents’ relationship following drug-related death loss: (What) can we learn from relationship research?
		Predictors of relationship quality and stability following drug-related child loss
		Adapting the VSA to bereaved parents’ relationships following their child’s DRD
		Stress
			Loss-oriented and restoration-oriented stress
			Stigma-related stress
		Enduring qualities
			Parents’ personality vulnerabilities and strengths
			Parents’ mental health
			Similarities and differences between the partners
		(Mal)adaptive processes
			Partner support
			Disclosure and co-rumination
			Other (mal)adaptive processes
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 9: Understanding parental grief after a child’s drug-related death
		Introduction
		Losing a child to a DRD
		Bereaved parents’ health following the loss
		Consequences of experiencing a stigmatized death
		Needs and experiences with help and support from a cross-cultural perspective
		How bereaved parents adjust to life through help and support
		Comparing DRD parental bereavement with other unnatural deaths
		Closing reflections
		References
	Chapter 10: Risk factors for prolonged grief disorder in people bereaved by drug-related deaths
		Normal and complicated grief reactions
		Prolonged grief disorder (PGD)
			Risk factors for PGD
			DRD bereavement and PGD
		Important risk factors for PGD in DRD bereavement
			Psychosocial distress and mental illness before the death
			Pre-loss constant preparedness and fear
			Social-relational risk factors
			Stigmatization and guilt
			Emotional overload
			Untimeliness of loss and death of a child
		Applying general knowledge of risk factors to clinical practice
		Chapter summary
		References
	Chapter 11: Adjusting to loss after death from drug-related versus other traumatic deaths: Unique challenges?
		Introduction
			Phenomenological/thematic features of DRD bereavement
			Grief and psychiatric outcomes associated with DRD bereavement
			Bereavement-related needs following a DRD
		Concluding remarks and future directions
		References
	Chapter 12: Coping with bereavement due to drug-related death in the context of one’s own drug challenges
		The relationship between drug use and grief
		Previous research on bereaved who both use drugs and have experienced drug-related deaths
			Higher risk of losing people close to them through a drug-related death
			Using drugs to cope with the bereavement
			When grief must be faced without the use of drugs
			Feelings of guilt and responsibility
			A transformative effect
			Stigma, self-stigma and fear of stigma
			Altered view of death
		Closing reflections
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 13: Patterns of coping during bereavement following a drug-related death: An overview of the END-project findings
		Definitions of key concepts
		How bereaved describe coping
			Through rumination and proactive coping strategies
				Ruminating
				Relocating and sharing
			Adapting to the future and new roles
				Take time off from pain
				Master the changed environment
			Importance of using a variety of different strategies
			Bereaved people’s experience with post-traumatic growth and meaning making
		Coping through social support
			Coping through openness
		Closing comments
		Note
		References
Part IV: Consequences and coping (2): Beyond the western world
	Chapter 14: Dealing with bereavement following a drug-related death in China
		Introduction: Drug-related deaths in China
			Drug use in China
			DRD in China
			Attitude toward drug use in China
			Attitude toward drug-related death in China
		Bereavement reactions following drug-related death in China
			Difficulty in acknowledging the death
			Guilt induced by failure to observe filial piety
			Ambivalent feelings toward the deceased
			Lack of social support due to stigmatization
			Sharing personal experience as meaning making
		An adapted intervention protocol – BTP
			The dual process model framework
			Psychosocial intervention structure
			Combination of group and individual intervention
			“Supermarket mode”
			Rolling schedule
			Chinese elements consideration
			Internet technology
		Conclusion and future directions
		References
	Chapter 15: “Sℇ Asa”: Bereavement following bad deaths in Ghana
		Introduction
		Sociocultural contexts of Ghana
		Suicide (and drug-related death) bereavement
		Context of drug use, drug-related deaths and bereavement in Ghana
		The research
			Interpersonal experiences
			Personal experiences
			Experience connected to drug-related suicide
		Bereavement as guided by norms of “bad deaths”
		Stigma and associated stigma leading to disenfranchised grief
		Implications for improving bereavement after “bad deaths”
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Reference
	Chapter 16: Bereavement following a drug-related death in Mexico and India
		Introduction
		Mexico
			Drug-related deaths
			Culture and the experiences of family members bereaved through an illicit drug-related death
		India
			Culture and the experiences of family members bereaved through an illicit drug-related death
			Similarities and differences between Mexico, India, and other countries
		References
Part V: Care (1): Supporting bereaved persons following a drug-related death
	Chapter 17: Guidance for supporting/counselling people bereaved through a drug-related death: Unique circumstances, special needs
		Making sense of a drug-related bereavement to identify a bereaved person’s needs
		How to provide support and counselling
			Guidance on counselling for specific drug-related difficulties/needs
		Developing support for drug-related stigma and associated shame
		Developing self-support for managing trauma symptoms
		Making meaning and narrative creation/repair
		Unfinished business and associated emotions
		Practical information and support
		Bereaved people who also use drugs addictively
			Guidance on developing self-support
			Guidance for the support that everyone can provide
			The future: Developing guidance through research and clinical practice
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 18: Working with families following drug-related death
		Family in grief
			Dual Process Model–Revised: Individual- and family-level coping
			Systemic perspective to working with families in grief
		Working with families in grief after DRD
			Get to know the family
			Structure and feeling of security in conversations
			Conversations with families
			Support families’ meaning making
			Remembering and storying
			To give psychoeducational knowledge
			Acknowledge different family positions
				Parents
				Siblings
				Children
				Partner and ex-partner
			See the grief in light of the family’s situation
			Closing comments and reflections
		References
	Chapter 19: On the provision of informal and formal support: From personal networks and colleagues to schools, frontline and healthcare providers
		Three main sources of assistance
		The unique peer support
			The value of peer support
			Arenas for peer support
		Social network support is “alpha and omega”
			The value of social support
			Types of social support
		The workplace
			The value of support from the workplace
			Types of support at the workplace
		The school
			The value of support from the school
			What role may the school play?
				Types of support from the school
		The professionals
			Professional help in the acute phase
			Professional long-term follow-up
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Stigma, kindness, and professionalism: On fostering compassion and countering stigmatization
		Introduction
		Stigma and disenfranchised grief
		Our study of adults bereaved through substance use
			Experiencing stigma and lack of compassion following a drug-related death
			Stigma and lack of compassion are not universal
			Bereaved peoples’ efforts to counter stigma
			The role of professionals
			Countering professional stigma
			In summary
		Are these findings representative?
		What can be done to create a more compassionate response?
			Stigma reduction
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 21: Belonging and empowerment: Experiences of community support following a drug-related death
		DRD-stigma, help-seeking, and support groups
		Overview of findings
			Support groups and help-seeking
			Importance of group involvement
		Concluding observations
		References
	Chapter 22: Wall of silence: Supporting providers after a client’s drug-related death
		Experiences of drug-related death bereavement among providers
			Experiences of peer support workers
		Barriers to bereavement among providers
			The nature of the death
			The nature of the job
				The impact of lived or living experience
				The impact of professional settings
				The impact of ethical guidelines
		Recommendations
			Research on provider experiences
				Provider training and education
			Institutionalizing wellness and support for providers
			Considerations beyond the western world
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Care (2): Treatments for drug-related death bereaved persons in need
	Chapter 23: Models of coping with bereavement: Application to grief therapy after a drug-related death
		Cognitive-stress theory of bereavement
			Application to drug-related bereavement
			Implications for grief therapy
		Attachment-based theory of bereavement
			Application to drug-related bereavement
			Implications for grief therapy
		The Two-Track Model of Bereavement
			Application to drug-related bereavement
			Implications for grief therapy
		Dual Process Model of Bereavement
			Application to drug-related bereavement
			Implications for grief therapy
		Meaning Reconstruction Model of Bereavement
			Application to drug-related bereavement
			Implications for grief therapy
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 24: Prolonged grief disorder therapy for drug-related death bereaved, with insights from the Dual Process Model
		Drug-­related death bereavement, contextual risk factors, and prolonged grief disorder
		The role of the Dual Process Model in the development of PGDT
		Assessment as the first step in PGDT: Introducing Rose
		PGDT: Targeting healing milestones and “derailers”
			Milestone: Understanding and accepting grief and managing grief-related emotions
			Milestone: Seeing a promising future
			Milestone: Strengthening relationships
			Milestone: Narrating the story of the death
			Milestone: Living with reminders
			Milestone: Connecting with memories
			Ending treatment
		Conclusion: Using PGDT for DRD
		References
	Chapter 25: Psychotherapeutic treatment for bereaved persons encountering grief difficulties following a drug-related death
		The prevalence and assessment of severe grief reactions
		Use of health services for complications in the grieving process and barriers to seeking help
		Psychological treatment for PGD after DRD
			Empirically supported approaches to the treatment of PGD
				Cognitive-behavioural therapies
				Other approaches
			Adaptation of PGD treatments for bereaved after DRDs
		References
	Chapter 26: Brief eclectic psychotherapy for prolonged and traumatic grief following drug-related death
		Introduction
			Introducing brief eclectic psychotherapy for prolonged and traumatic grief
		Case presentation: Margaret
		Information and motivation
		Grief-focused exposure
			General exposure: The story of the relationship with the deceased
			Imaginal exposure: The story of the loss
			Stimulus exposure: Mementos and situational exposure
			Revising grieving behaviours
		Symbolic interactions
			Writing assignments
			Imaginary conversation
			Rituals
		Meaning attribution and activation
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 27: Structured support for adults bereaved by a drug-related death: The potential of the 5-Step Method
		Introduction
		Structured support for adults affected by another’s drug or alcohol use: The 5-Step Method
		Understanding bereavement through substance use with a stress-coping lens
		Adaptation of the 5-Step Method for adults bereaved through substance use
		Reflections
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 28: Could a writing intervention further adaptation to drug-related death bereavement?: Suggestions based on emerging qualitative findings
		Introduction
			Theories on why writing works, when it works
			Therapeutic writing following a DRD
		Designing a writing intervention for individuals bereaved by a DRD
			Writing prompt construction
		Emergent findings
			Strained relationships with family and friends
			Cutting ties
			Rebuilding relationships
		Looking ahead: Directions for future research
		References
Part VII: Reflections
	Chapter 29: Implications of the END-project: Beyond the Norwegian context?
		Introduction
		The context of the END-project – The Norwegian welfare state
		Scope of the END-project
		The methodology of the END-project
			Project organization and user participation
			Research approach WP1
			Research approach WP2
			Methodological reflections
		Bereaveds’ need of help and support – messages from the END-project
		Research-based advice for improving support and help
			Informal support
			Help services
			Health-political awareness, national steering, and local policies
		The research circle methodology for implementation of END knowledge
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 30: The handbook under the magnifying glass: Lessons (still) to be learnt from research on drug-related death bereavement
		Introduction: Aims and objectives of the handbook
		Looking back: What have we learnt?
			Highlighting major findings
			Research design features
			Content and scope of DRD bereavement research
			Summary of lessons learnt
		Looking forward: What do we need more of?
			Emergent themes for DRD bereavement research
				Societal embeddedness of DRD bereavement
				Consequences and coping
				Care and treatment
		Future DRD bereavement research in broader perspective
			Theoretical approaches
			Methodological issues
			Research in society
		Final comments
		Notes
		References
Index