The Routledge International Handbook of Couple and Family Therapy

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I Personal Voices and Philisophical Perspectives
	1 The State of Couple and Family Therapy Internationally
		Introduction
		History of Couple and Family Therapy
		The Role of a Therapist
		Practice Pattern Differences
		Theoretical Emphases in Different Regions
		Licensure Processes and Credentials for Professional Organizations
		So Where Does That Leave Us?
		Final Thoughts
			Family Therapy Is a Story of Innovation and Creativity
			Family Therapy Is a Story Of Science
			Family Therapy Is a Story of How to Reinvent Yourself
		References
	2 Addressing Existential Concerns in Families Amongst Contemporary Shifts: A Psychoanalytic, Object Relations Perspective
		Introduction
		Phenomenology of Death in Families
		A Historical Shift in Family Dynamics Due to War
		Freud and Death in Psychoanalysis
		Object Relations Psychoanalysis
		A Psychoanalytic, International Lens
		Future Developments and Implications
			Case Study: The Case of a Blended Family
			Case Conceptualization
		Future of Treatment for Family Therapists
		Three Key Points for Clinical Research and Practice
		References
	3 Milan School of Family Therapy
		Introduction
		Complexity Is Our Mandate
		Therapy as a Construction
		Therapy as a Second-Order Reflexive Process
		The Importance of Relationship
		Where Body and Movement Stand
		Two Last Keywords: Ethics and Aesthetics
		Conclusions
		References
	4 A Narratological Study of a Family-Therapeutic Case History
		Our Story Begins …
		The “Disguised” Problem: Writing Case Histories
		How the Problem Emerged
		Contributions to the Problem in Several Social Sciences
			Ethnography: The Writing-Culture Debate
			History: The Case of Hayden White
			Reportage As a Prototype for Doing Sociology
			Contributions to the Problem in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapeutic Research
			A Case Story
			Voices and Silent Voices: Who Has His Say and Who Not?
			The Narrative Plot of the Story – What Is Really Told?
			Narrative Plot and Relations of Power: The Power of the Therapists Is Veiled/Disguised
			Key Takeaways
		Resources and References
	5 Family Rituals
		Defining Rituals
			Routines Vs. Rituals
		Development of Rituals in Systems
			Influences: Rituals Across Generations
			Influences: Traditions
			Influences: Culture
			Influences: Religion
			Rituals Throughout the Life Cycle
			Marriage: Negotiating Rituals
			Child-Rearing: The Passing On of Rituals
		Launching Children and Later Life
		Disruptive Events in the Family Life Cycle
			Separation, Divorce and Remarriage
			Physical/Mental Illness
			Loss and Death
		Migration
		The Pressure to Continue Rituals
		Recognizing Rituals in a Culturally Sensitive Manner
			Family Symptoms
			Resistance
			Cross-Cultural Rituals
		Culturally Sensitive Strategies for Redesigning Rituals
			Identifying Concerning Rituals
		Clinical Intervention
		Conclusion
		References
	6 Lived and Successful Sexuality: A Challenge for Couple and Family Therapy
		Introduction
		State of Research
		Study
			Methodical Approach
			Sociodemographic Data
			Fantasies
			Descriptive Statistics in Group Comparison – Gender Comparison
			Pearson Chi-Square Interference Statistics
		Interpretation
		Study: Sexuality and Sexual Preferences Among Adolescents and Young Adults First Results of the German Sex Survey
			Results
			Discussion
			Implications for the Practice of Couple and Family Therapy
		Three Key Takeaways
		References
Section II Theories and Models in an International Context
	7 Sociocultural Attunement in Family Therapy: Socioculturally Attuned Family Therapy: Third-Order Thinking
		Context
		Third-order Thinking and Third-Order Change
		Thinking About Thinking and Third-Order Ethics
		Third-order Positioning: Supporting While Disrupting
		Colonizing and Decolonizing in Family Therapy Practice
		Re-Thinking Best Practices
		Colonizing Effects of Professional Standards and Diagnostics
		Decentering Western-Based Family Therapy
		Third-order Thinking in Clinical Practice
		Tracking the Flow of Power
		Attending to Context
		Guidelines for Socioculturally Attuned Practice
		Attune to Context and Power
		Name Injustice
		Value What Is Minimized
		Intervene in Power Dynamics
		Envision Just Alternatives
		Transform to Make the Imagined a Reality
		Conclusion
		Reflexive Questions
		References
	8 Socio-Relationally Responsive Supervision for Inclusive Learning: A Discursive Anti-Dominance Perspective
		Introduction
		A Political Call and the Activity of Knowledge Construction
		Supervisory (Relational) Interactions: Sites of Meaning Making
			Relational ADEI
			Reflexive Relational Responsivity
			Relational Discursive Loop
		Socio-Relationally Responsive Supervision in Practice
			Locating Self: A Reflective Exercise and Presentation
			Reflections On (Not) Norming of Identity and Practices
		Implications for Therapist Training: Takeaways
		References
	9 Emotional Divorce and Couples Therapy in Iran
		Introduction
		Clinical Application
		Considerations for Iranian Couples
		Future Clinical Directions
		Future Research Directions
		Three Key Takeaways
		References
	10 ‘It’s More Than I Can Manage’: Psychosocial Counselling and Family Therapy for Refugees in Mecklenburg–Vorpommern
		Introduction
		Culturally Sensitive Counselling and Psychotherapy
		Psychosocial and Family Counselling for Refugees
		Dealing With Guilt and Shame: Three Case Studies
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Bi-National and Multicultural Expat Couples in Mexico City: Exploring Covert Cultural Contracts
		Introduction
			Clinical Vignette
		Clinical Work With Global Citizens
		Covert Cultural Contracts
		Expat and Identity: What Is in a Name?
		Cross-Cultural Adjustment
		Intercultural Model
		Psychological Comfort With Host Country Culture
		Cultural Conceptualization of Social Justice
		Multilingual Couples
			Facilitating Language Agreements
		Logistics Fatigue
		Personal Reflections
		Isolation and Building Community
		Working Internationally
		Parenting Third Culture Kids
		Race and Seeking Intimate Relationships Internationally
		Three Key Takeaways
		Concluding Thoughts
		References
	12 Systemic Family Therapy in Africa: Past, Present, and Future Trends
		Introduction
		Africa, a Multi-Ethnic Continent
		It Takes a Village: Indigenous Knowledge, Distinct and Commonly Shared African Cultural Values
		Applications of Ubuntu in the African Societies
		Ubuntu Parenting
		Ubuntu Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Mental Health Treatment
		Africans and Aesthetic Values
		Spirituality, Religion, and Mental Health in Africa
		Family Structure and Marital Relationships in Africa; Traditional and Contemporary Perspectives
		Family and Marital Problems in Africa; Historical and Current Perspectives
		Perceptions of Marital and Relationship Problems; African Indigenous Approaches to Treatment
		Religious and Faith-Based Mental Health Providers
		How Do Africans View Going to a Professional Psychotherapist?
		The History of Western Systemic Family Therapy in Africa
		Recent Trends in the Application of Systemic Family Therapy in Africa
		Systemic Family Therapy Research in Africa
		The Clinical Fit of Western Family Therapy Models in African Cultures
			Case Application
		Family Therapy and the Years Ahead in Africa; Reflections On Research and Practice Agenda
		Final Reflections; Three Key Takeaways
		References
	13 The Development of Cambodian Family Therapy
		Background
		Reconstruction of Higher Education in Cambodia
		Internationalization of Family Therapy
		Implications for a Global Transfer of Knowledge
		Knowledge Fair Trade
		First Steps: Training Design
		Learning By Doing: The Course Reality
		Adapting New Learning Culture
		Learning From Peers
		Decolonial Research Practice
		Research
		Findings
		“And They Really Deeply Believe in That Kind of Thing”
		“They Gonna Burn the Spirit Out of Them”
		“That’s a Form of Family Therapy That Has Been Practiced for Ages”
		“Not to Challenge It, But Just to Understand”
		“I Can See It’s Useful, Because It’s the Faith Or Belief of the People”
		“It Helps People to Have a Sense of Belonging”
		“Are You Going to Work With the Crazy People?”
		Conclusions
			Religion, Spirituality, and Rituals
			Dealing With Stigma
			Transmodern Practice
			Take Up Local Knowledge Production
		References
	14 Taiwanese Couples and Families: Current Treatment Perspectives
		Introduction
		Specific Cultural Characteristics of Taiwanese Families/Couples and Clinical Implications
			Filial Piety
			Enqing
			Sacrifice
			Tolerance
		Common Relationship Issues Among Taiwanese Heterosexual Couples
		Different Forms of Couplehood and Their Clinical Implications
			Singlehood and Childlessness
			Same-Sex Couples
			Transnational Couples
		The Current State of Couple and Family Therapy (CFT) Development in Taiwan
		The Future of Couple and Family Therapy in Taiwan: Reflections On Likely Future Advancements in the Research Agenda
		Three Key Takeaways
		References
	15 Bosphorus Connecting Europe and Asia: Couple and Family Therapy in Turkey
		Introduction
		The Need for a Comprehensive Mental Health Law
		Development of CFT in Turkey
		Training Programs
		Backgrounds of Professionals Practicing Couple and Family Therapy in Turkey
		Development of Specific Models and Specialties in Turkey
		Emotionally Focused Therapy
		Medical Family Therapy
		Person of the Therapist Model
		Feminist Family Therapy (FFT)
		Collaborations With Social Services/NGOs
		Publications and Research
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		“3 Keys”
		References
	16 The Therapeutic Dance of Bowenian Therapy and South Asian Families: Issues to Consider
		South Asian-Indian Families
		Applicable Bowen Concepts
			Differentiation of Self
			Emotional Triangles
			Nuclear Family Emotional Process
			Family Projection Process
			Multigenerational Transmission Process
			Sibling Position
			Emotional Cutoff
			Societal Emotional Process
			Treatment Plan
			Interventions
			Healthy Functioning
			Clinical Example/Application
			Clinical and Research Implications
		Resources and Further Reading
		Three Important Takeaways
		References
Section III Specific Applications with International Populations
	17 Medical Family Therapists Working With Culturally Diverse Patients Using the Bio-Psychosocial-Spiritual Model With Chronically and Terminally Ill Patients and Their Families
		Introduction
		Purpose
		Medical Family Therapy
		Cultural Influences On Illness
		Agency and Communion: A Global Perspective
		Experience of Chronic Illness Across Different Cultures
		MedFT Responses to Chronic Illness
		Experience of Terminal Illness Across Different Cultures
		MedFT Responses to Terminal Illness
		Culturally Sensitive Assessments Utilizing the Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Model
			Biological Dimension
			Biological Assessment Tools
			Psychological Dimension
			Psychological Assessment Tools
			Social Dimension
			Social Assessment Tools
			Spiritual Dimension
			Spiritual Assessment Tools
			Assessment Availability in Different Languages
		Case Example
			Biological Domain
			Psychological Domain
			Social Domain
			Spiritual Domain
			Implications for Clinicians
			Conclusion
		References
	18 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: Global Practices
		Introduction
		SFBT as a Culturally Sensitive Approach
		Importance of Language in SFBT and in Culture
			Co-construction
			Elements of Dialogue
		International Application of SF Tenants
			Resource-Based
			Exceptions
			Elements of Dialogue
			Cultural Attunement
		Future Research Directions
		References
	19 Bridging Training and Experiences: Expanding Clinical Practices With Latinx Communities
		Introduction
		Inclusive Language
			Where We Stand
		Encompassing the Uniqueness of Latinx Culture
			Holistic Advocacy as an International Family Therapist
		Clinical Case Example
		Authors Reflection Statement
		Case Description
		Authors Reflection Statement
			Case Description
		Three Key Takeaways
		Conclusion
		References
	20 Recommendations for Working With Trauma Within Incarcerated Couples and Families
		Introduction
		Impacts of Incarceration of Families
			Children
			Coparents and Caregivers
			Romantic Partners
		The Intersection of Trauma and Incarceration
		Medical Family Therapy
		Trauma Informed Care
			Clinical Implications
				Stigma
		Future Directions
		References
	21 Addressing Technology Misuse In Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Therapeutic Perspective
		Introduction
		The Role of Nuance and Culture in Perceived Technology Misuse
		Determining Cultural Effects of Technology On Relationships
			Standardized Assessments
		Informal Assessment of Culturally Informed Impact On Structure and Process
		Bringing Couples Together in Establishing Technological Values
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Cross-Cultural Technology Use in Maintaining Romantic and Familial Relationships
		Introduction
		Maintaining Healthy Relationships
		Technology and Relationship Maintenance in U.S. Samples
		Technology and Relationship Maintenance in Multinational Samples
		Purpose and Research Question
		Methods
			Theoretical Perspective
			Participants
			Procedures
			Analysis
			Rigor
		Findings
			How Structure of Relationships Intersects With Cultural Technology Usage
			Roles Change With Technology
			Rules About Technology in Personal Relationships
			Boundaries About Technology Use in Relationships
			Using Technology to Regulate Closeness and Distance
		Discussion
			Cultural Differences/Universalities Using a Universal Tool
			Implications for Practice
			Limitations
			Future Research
		References
	23 Experientialism: Finding Unconditional Positive Regard in a World of Chaos
		Introduction
		History and Theoretical Formation
		Virginia Satir
		Carl Whitaker
		Intersectional and Cross-Cultural Adaptability
		Neuroscience of Experiential Therapy
		Case Study: A Snapshot
		Research Agenda
		Three Key Takeaways
		References
	24 Immigrant and Refugee Families: Theory and Practice
		The Immigrant Experience
			Acculturation
		The Refugee Experience
		Strength and Resilience in Immigrant and Refugee Families
		Culturally Sensitive Approaches to Therapy Are Critical
		The Mismatch With Current Clinical Approaches in the Field
		Working With Immigrants and Refugees
		Addressing Trauma: Research and Practice
			Trauma Is a Relational Experience
			Interpersonal Neurobiology of Therapy
		Addressing Acculturative Disparities
			The Yusuf Family
			Language Barriers
			Racialization of Identity
		Transnational Characteristic
		Role of the Clinician
		Challenging Homogeneous Assumptions
		A Witness of Experience
		A Multiculturally Competent Professional
		An Advocate
		Ethical Considerations
		Future Steps for Research
		Takeaways
		References
	25 Systemic Therapy in Central and South America: Past, Present, and Future
		Introduction
		Brief Description of the Cultural Contexts of the Involved Countries
		How Did Systemic Therapy Begin and Become Rooted in Central and South American Countries?
		What Is Currently Happening With Systemic Therapy in Central and South American Countries?
		Future Outlook
		Acknowledgements
		References
	26 Risks and Side-Effects in Systemic Family Therapy
		Introduction
			Many Reasons for Negligence…
			Constructivism
			Systems Theory
			The Medical Vs. the Contextual Model of Psychotherapy
		What Are the Risks and Side-Effects of Psychotherapy?
		What Do We Know About the Prevalence of Risks and Side-Effects?
		What Possibilities Do We Have to Measure Risks and Side-Effects and Collect Data Regarding Those Phenomena?
		Are There Specific Risks and Side-Effects of Systemic and Family Therapies?
			Results of an Exploratory Focus-Group Investigation
				1. 1. Dynamic Dialogue Process
				1. 2. Side-Effects
				1. 3. Sources of Side-Effects
				1. 3. 5. The Client Is the Cause
				1. 3. 6. It Is the Therapist’s Fault
				1. 4. Mitigation of Side-Effects/best Practices
				1. 4. 2. Sensitivity, Reflexivity, and Listening
				1. 4. 3. Treating the System Well
		Concluding Annotations
		Notes
		References
	27 Interracial Couples: Clinical Considerations for a Contemporary World
		A Modern Experience
		Introduction
		The Past Is Not Dead
		It Is Not Even Past
		An Ode to The Future
		Implications for Clinical Practice
		Implications for Research
		Conclusion
		References
		Resources
	28 Sino-American Family Therapy: A Chinese Perspective On Traditional Western Family Therapy Methods
		The History of Sino-American Family Therapy
		The Seven-Step Team Family Therapy Protocol (SSTFT)
			Step 1: The Pre-Session Briefing With the Team
			Step 2: The Family Session
			Step 3: Team Break and Construction of a Team Message
			Step 4: Team Metalogue in the Presence of the Family Or Client System
			Step 5: Post-Team Family Reaction and Intervention Construction
			Step 6: Appreciative Inquiry Interview With Family
			Step 7: Post-Session Supervisory Discussion With the Lead Therapist and the Team
		Case Examples
			Case Example 1: Family Therapy for School Refusal of 16-Year-Old Daughter
			Case Example 2: Po Xi Wen Ti (The Mother-In-Law Problem)
			Case Example #3: Child School Behavior Problem
		Conclusion
		References
	29 An Adaptive Application of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) With Iranian Immigrant Couples
		Theory Introduction
		Attachment Theory
		EFT as a Culturally Informed Model
		Theory Approach to Functional and Dysfunctional Relationships
		Therapy Goals and Applications
			Stigma
			Help-seeking Barriers
		Challenges Faced By Iranian Immigrant Couples
			Infidelity
			Birth
			Infertility
		Case Example: Infidelity
		Case Example: Infertility
		Case Example: Postpartum Depression
		Future Research
		Three Takeaways
		Resources and Additional Reading
		References
	30 Yoruba Nigerian and European-American Couples: International Considerations for Therapy
		Global Migration and Intercultural Marriage
		Background On Nigerian/European American Couples
			Migration and Residence of Nigerian/European American Couples
		Cultural Bases for Expectations of Partners
			Cultural Similarities
		Cultural Differences
		Interracial Romantic Attraction and Partner Selection
			Initial Attraction
			Courtship and Value Comparison
			Marriage and Role Adjustments
		Navigating Cultural Differences
		Case Example
		Cross-Cultural Clinical Applications
			Therapist Cultural Awareness and Knowledge
			Assessing How Well Couples’ “We” Is Working
			Ongoing Navigation of Cultural Differences
			Safety and Conflict Escalation
		Future Research
		References
	31 Practicing Couple Therapy in the Middle East: Arab- and Muslim-Related Critiques and Clinical Considerations
		Introduction
		Diverse Identities in the Middle East
			Linguistic Identities in the ME
			Ethnic Identities in the ME
			Sacred Identities in the Middle East
		Mental Health Globally and in the ME With Arab Muslims
			Factors Affecting MH-Seeking Behaviors in the ME
			MH Treatment Using MH Services
		Factors Affecting Couple Relationships in the ME for Arab Muslims
			Marriage and Fulfilling Half of One’s Religion
			Gender Equity and Justice
			Family Involvement in Couple Relationships
		Clinical Considerations With Arab Muslim Populations in the ME
			Linguistic Considerations
			Ethnic, Racial, and Cultural Considerations
			Religious Considerations
			Gendered Considerations
		Reflection On Future Research
		Resources and Further Reading
		References
	32 Towards a Bicultural Parenting Model for South Asian Immigrant Parents
		Introduction
		Contextual Understanding of South Asian Approaches to Parenting
		Contextual Understanding of the Western Approaches to Parenting
		South Asian Immigrants’ Perceptions of American Parenting
		Parenting Experiences of South Asian Immigrants and Outcomes of Second-Generation Children
		Towards a Model of Bicultural Parenting
		Research Agenda & Implications: Reflections
		Resources and Further Reading
			Three Takeaways
		Conflict of Interest
		References
	33 An Integration of Collaborative Language Systems and Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy With Transnational Families
		Introduction
		Clinical Considerations With Transnational Families
			Ambiguous Loss
			Acculturative Stress & Ambiguous Loss
			Transgenerational Transmission and Racial Trauma
		Theoretical Foundation – An Integrative Postmodern Experiential Approach
			Application With Transnational Families
		Clinical Examples/Application of this Integrative Approach
		Nicole’s Experience
		Loette’s Experience
		Areas for Future Research and Clinical Consideration
		Three Key Takeaways
		Resources and Further Reading
		References
	34 Relational Resiliency in an Age of Digital Chaos: Collective Strategies for Prevention and Healing in an Electronic World
		Introduction
		Resiliency Toward Technology
		Purpose
		Collective Relational Resiliency Defined
		Using Technology to Foster Collective Relational Resiliency
		Future Directions
		Three Key Takeaways
		References
Afterword
Index