The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis

Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Tables
Figures
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Section I: The Roots of Contemporary Clinical Hypnosis
Historical Overview and Key Concepts
1. Brief History of World Hypnosis
	Prehistory and Antiquity: The Trance
	Enlightenment, Animal Magnetism, 1750-1815
		Hypnotism (1841-1933)
			Germany and Austria
			Spain
			Italy
			Russia
			Outside Europe
			Japan
			China
			India
		Stage Hypnosis in the 19th Century
		Hypnosis, 1933-1985
		Hypnosis into the 21st Century, 1985-2022
	References
2. On the Hard Process of Understanding Hypnosis: Epistemological Issues in the Debate Between State, Trait, and Hypofrontality Theories
	Key Epistemological Points
	The Enduring Misunderstanding of Hypnosis
	Hypofrontality and Neodissociation Theories
	Hypnosis as State or Trait: Both or Neither?
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
3. Suggestibility and Hypnotizability Measures of Hypnosis and Hypnotizability
	Introduction
	Theory
		Non-Hypnotic Suggestibility
		Hypnotic Suggestibility
		Hypnotizability
		Milton H. Erickson
		Enacting and Vivid Imagining or: Is Hypnotizability Modifiable?
		Is There One Hypnotizability or Several?
		Hypnotizability and Other Personality Variables
		The Person of the Hypnotherapist
	Measurement
		Measurement of Hypnosis Depth
		Measurement of \"Hypnotic\" Imagination: The Creative Imagination Scale
		Measurement of Hypnotizability I: The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales for Individual Testing
		Measurement of Hypnotizability II: The Harvard and Walterloo-Stanford Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility for Group Testing
		Measurement of Hypnotizability III: The Elkins Hypnotizability Scale
		The Introductory Hypnosis Inductions
		Imagination or Hallucination?
		Phenomena of Identity Delusion
	Meaning and Purpose of Hypnotizability Testing
	Note
	References
Theoretical Models
4. The Contributions of Milton Erickson to Modern Clinical Hypnosis
	Erickson\'s Theoretical Framework
		Hypnotic Rapport and Therapeutic Alliance
		Integration of Hypnosis in Therapy
		Trance and Suggestion
		Philosophical Underpinnings
	Erickson\'s Top Six Contributions to Hypnosis Practice and Theory
		Naturalistic Approach
		Individualization
		Experiential Arousal
		Seeding and Incubation
		Utilizing Resistance
		Individuation
	Core Competencies in Ericksonian Therapy
	Future Implications for Training and Professional Development
	References
5. Attachment and Hypnosis: Revisiting Our Evolutionary Past to Reconstruct Our Future
	Introduction
	Evolution of Attachment
	Neuro-Sculpting the Social Brain
	Attachment, Intention, and Decision-Making
	Attachment and Hypnosis
	References
6. Mind, Self, and Hypnosis: A Relational Theory
	Mind
	Self
	Flow
	Transitioning into Hypnosis
		Utilization
		Avolitional Agency
	The Context of Hypnosis
	Hypnotherapy
	Making a Difference
	References
7. From Phenomenology to Noetic Analysis: The Use of Quantitative First-Person Self-Reports to Better Understand Hypnosis
	Quantifying Phenomenological Experience
	Phenomenology and Its Quantitative Development
	Noetic Analysis
		Noetic Analysis vis-à-vis Phenomenological Psychology and Neurophenomenology
		Noetic Analysis and its Underlying Presuppositions
		Noetic Analysis Questionnaires
	Using Noetics to Quantify States of Consciousness
		The Model
		Quantifying States of Consciousness
		Diagramming States of Consciousness: Pips and Psygrams
	Using Noetic Analysis to Assess Hypnotic Responsivity: The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP)
		Major Domains Assessed by the PCI-HAP
		Operationalizing the Model via the PCI-HAP
	Using Noetic Analysis for Better Understanding the Brain/Mind/Behavior Interface during Hypnosis
		Using the PCI-HAP to Differentiate the Component Processes Underlying Self-Reported Hypnotic Depth
		Using the PCI-HAP to Evaluate Hypnosis vis-à-vis Sidhi Meditation in a Single Case Study
		Hypnotic Assessment and Subsequent Hypnotic Intervention via the PCI/PCI-HAP
	Conclusions
	Note
	References
8. States of Consciousness Model and Ericksonian Approaches to Hypnosis
	States of Consciousness and Ego State
		Tart\'s Definition
		Experiential Resources and Ego States
		Paths of Connectivity
	Hypnosis and Induction
		Tart\'s Seven Steps of Induction
		Ambiguity
		Sociocognitive Factors and Expectancy
	Hypnosis and Induction in the SoC Model
		Why Hypnosis Is a Valuable SoC
		Empathy and Boundaries
		Induction and Ulterior Transactions
		Induction in a Clinical Setting
		Establishing an Empathic Relationship
		Depotentiating Boundaries and Retrieving Experience
		Ratifying and Stabilizing the SoC of Hypnosis
	Conclusion
	References
9. The Foundation of an Ecological Model of Hypnotherapy: The Base for Defining the Structural Dimensions of Hypnotherapy
	My Relationship to This Topic
	Conceptual Clarifications
		Hypnosis and Trance
		Trance and Links between Neurobiology and Experience
		Hypnotherapy: The Neurobiology of the Hypnotherapeutic Relationship
		The Development of Hypnotherapy
		Hypnosis-Psychotherapy
	The Foundation of an Ecological Model of Hypnotherapy
		The Ecological Nature of Hypnotherapy
		The Ecology of the Basic Emotional Needs
		Hypnosis-Psychotherapy as a Comprehensive Psychotherapeutic Modality
	The Structural Dimensions of Hypnotherapy
		A Model for Planning, Shaping, and Reflecting the Hypnotherapeutic Process
		Reality Levels and Therapy Goals: The Basic Structural Dimensions of Hypnotherapy
		The Hypnotherapeutic Approach: Solution-oriented, Conflict-oriented, Relation-oriented/Supportive
		The Therapy Phases: Stabilization, Confrontation, Integration, Transfer
		The Therapy Session
			Therapeutic Focus: Crisis Intervention, Therapeutic Theme, Therapeutic Relationship
			Temporal Orientation: Past, Present, Future
			Therapeutic Strategy: Psychoeducation, Dissociation, Association, Reframing
		The Trancework
			Trance Induction: Explicit, Implicit
			Trance Communication: Monologic, Dialogic, Ideomotoric
			Trance Content: Concrete, Symbolic, Metaphoric
	Conclusion
	References
10. An Empirically-Informed Integrative Theory of Hypnosis: Clinical Implications
	Empirical Foundations
	Clinical Applications
	Conclusion
	References
From Theory to the Art of Practice
11. Rapid Hypnotic Inductions
	SLEEP!
	Pros and Cons
		Time
	What Are the Prerequisites for Rapid Inductions?
		Patient Requirements
		Clinician Requirements
		Induction Types
		Mechanisms
		Physiology and Phenomenology
	Suggestibility Testing
	Ethics
	My Favorite Induction
	References
12. Self-Hypnosis
	Introduction
	Definitions and Overview
	Historical Background
	Theory and Practice
	Review of Evidence
	Suggestions and Recommendations
	References
13. Hypnosis: A Developmental Perspective
	Introduction
		Knowledge and Skills That Benefit Child Health Professionals Who Are Teaching Hypnosis
	Example: The Pre-school - Early Verbal age child
	School Age Development
		Case History: School Age
	Early Adolescent Development
	Late Adolescent Development
	Cross-cultural Variables
		Other Developmental Factors to Consider in Teaching Hypnosis
	Factors That Impair Normal Development
	Summary
	References
14. Hypnosis and Integrative Aspects of Music
	Professional Background
	Theoretical Framework
	Review of Research
		Applications of Music in Medicine and Psychotherapy
		Applications of Hypnosis in Medicine and Psychotherapy
		Integrative Applications of Music and Hypnosis
		Shared Elements of Music and Hypnosis
			Rhythm
				Brain Oscillations
				Entrainment
			Prosody
			Repetition
			Novelty and Change of Perspective
	New Research, Perspectives, Applications
	Clinical Illustration
		Session 1
		Session 2
		Session 3
		Session 4
	Conclusion
	References
15. Utilization of Metaphor as a Therapeutic Tool
	Introduction
	Background
	Metaphors: Transfer of Associations
	Metaphors Used by Clients
	Goal-oriented Metaphors
	Using Metaphors and Metaphoric Stories
	Metaphor as Storytelling
	Therapeutic Metaphors
	Metaphors for Stimulating Perceptual Flexibility
	Metaphors for Stimulating Emotional Flexibility
	Metaphors for Stimulating Cognitive Flexibility
	Metaphors for Stimulating Behavioral Flexibility
	Metaphors for Stimulating Identity Flexibility
	Metaphors for Stimulating Relational Flexibility
	Metaphors for Stimulating Contextual Flexibility
	Conclusion
	References
Section II: The Neuroscientific Foundations of Hypnosis
Neural Correlates of Hypnosis
16. Neural Correlates of Hypnosis
	Background
	Resting-State Neural Correlates of Hypnosis
	Conflict Monitoring and Attentive Functions
	Mental Imagery
	Motor Control
	Episodic Memory Suppression in Posthypnotic Amnesia
	Conclusions
	References
17. EEG Oscillatory Activity Concomitant with Hypnosis and Hypnotizability
	Introduction
	EEG Frequency Oscillations
	Hypnotizability, Hypnosis, and EEG oscillations
	EEG Connectivity Studies of Hypnosis and Hypnotizability
	Resting Functional Connectivity in Control and Hypnosis Conditions
	Concluding Remarks
	References
18. Beyond the Neural Signature of Hypnosis: Neuroimaging Studies Support a Multifaceted View of Hypnotic Phenomena
	The Quest to Uncover the Neural Signature of Hypnosis
	Decomposing Hypnosis into Components
	Conclusion
	References
19. The Neurochemical Bases of Verbal Suggestion and Hypnosis
	Introduction
	The Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology of Hypnosis and Suggestion
		Dopamine
		Serotonin
		GABA
		Glutamate
		Other Substances
		Implications for Theories of Hypnosis
		Dissociation and Cold Control Theories
			Congruence with Pharmacological Findings
		Response Expectancy and Predictive Coding Theories
			Congruence with Pharmacological Findings
		Therapeutic Implications and Applications
			Enhanced Suggestibility
	Challenges and Future Directions
		Limitations of the Literature
	Determining Causal Pathways
	Apples and Oranges
	Orexin: A New Frontier?
	Non-Linear Effects
	Conclusion
	References
Hypnotizability
20. The Neuropsychology of Hypnotizability
	Introduction
	A Neuropsychological Approach for Hypnotizability
		Theoretical Conceptualization of Hypnotizability
		Biological Bases of Hypnotizability
		Neurocognitive Factors in Hypnotizability
		Attention and Working Memory
		Executive Functions
		Memory
	Integration and Future Directions
		Limitations
	Conclusion
	Disclosures
	Notes
	References
21. Physiological Correlates of Hypnotizability
	Genetic Markers
		Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
		Oxytocin (OXT) Receptors
		Opioids µ1 Receptors
		Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase
	Sensorimotor Integration and Imagery
		Spinal and Trigeminal Reflexes
		Postural and Visuomotor Control
		Motor Cortex Excitability and Functional Equivalence between Imagery and Perception/Action
		The Cerebellum
	Cardiovascular Control
		Heart Rate and Variability, Blood Pressure, Skin Blood Flow, Electrodermal Activity
		Interoceptive Accuracy and Sensitivity
		Peripheral Arteries Flow Mediated Dilation, Cerebrovascular Reactivity
	Limitations and Conclusions
	References
22. Types of High Hypnotizables
	Fantasizers Versus Other Types of High Hypnotizables
		Vivid Imagery and Fantasies
		Early Memories and Parental Discipline
		Fantasizers\' Experience of Hypnosis
			Dissociation Group
		Fantasies, Early Memory, and Parental Discipline
		Dissociaters\' Experience of Hypnosis
	Follow-up: Comparison with Hidden Observer Distinction, Dream Phenomena, and Dissociative Disorders
		Dreams
		Trauma Histories
		Dissociative Diagnoses and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
			Barber\'s \"Positively Set\" Hypnotizables
	Conclusions
	References
23. Alteration of Hypnotic Phenomena and Hypnotizability with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS): State of the Art and Future Perspectives
	Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
		Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
		Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
		Application of NIBS in Hypnosis Research: The \"God Helmet\"
		Application of NIBS in Hypnosis Research: TMS Studies
		Application of NIBS in Hypnosis Research: tDCS Studies
		Future Studies and Possible Implications for Hypnosis Research and Practice
	References
Mechanisms of Hypnotic Analgesia
24. How Can We Better Understand Hypnosis and Its Modulation of Pain with Neuroimaging?
	Introduction
		What Is Hypnosis? Phenomenological and Neuroimaging Accounts
			Part 1. Hypnosis, a Specific State of Consciousness
			Part 2. Neurophysiology of Hypnosis and Consciousness, an Integrative Perspective
			Part 3. Suggestibility/hypnotizability
	Hypnosis and Pain Modulation: From Experimental Studies to Hypnosedation
	Hypnosis for Chronic Conditions
		Chronic Pain
		Oncology
	Toward Contemporary Hypnosis? Virtual Reality Hypnosis
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Notes
	References
25. EEG-Assessed Bandwidth Power and Hypnotic Analgesia
	Mediation and Moderation
	Electroencephalography-Assessed Bandwidth Power as a Possible Mediator, Predictor, and Moderator of General Hypnosis Treatment
		What Does Electroencephalography Measure?
		EEG-Assessed Bandwidth Power and General Hypnosis
	Bandwidth Power and Hypnotic Analgesia
		Baseline Power as a Predictor of Subsequent Response to Hypnotic Analgesia
		Enhancing Response to Hypnotic Analgesia by Enhancing Theta
		Bandwidth Power as a Mediator of Hypnotic Analgesia
		Research Implications
		Clinical Implications
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
Research in Hypnosis
26. Conducting Research in Clinical Hypnosis
	Research in Hypnosis History
	Research in Modern Hypnosis
		Meta-Analyses of Hypnosis Research and Critiques of Research Design
	The Task Force for Efficacy Standards in Hypnosis Research
		Recommendations for Best Practices in Research
			Essential Recommendations for Research Design
			Essential Recommendations for Research Reporting
			Preferred Recommendations for Research Design
			Preferred Recommendations on Research Reporting
		Guidelines for Assessing Efficacy of Clinical Hypnosis Applications
		Survey on Current Practices in Clinical Hypnosis
	Summary and Conclusions
	Note
	References
27. The Potential Role of Hypnosis and Neurofeedback in Linking Neuroscience to Psychotherapy
	Introduction
	Experimental Neuropsychopathology
		Hypnotic Modulation of Conflicts in the Human Brain
	Neural Correlates of Psychotherapy (Neuro-Psychotherapy)
		EEG-NFB
			EEG-NFB in ADHD
			EEG-NFB in Psychiatric Disorders
			EEG-NFB in Epilepsy
			EEG-NFB in Chronic Pain
			EEG-NFB in Neurorehabilitation
			EEG-NFB and Performance Enhancement
		rtfMRI-NFB
			rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation of ROIs
			rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation of Pain
			rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation in Affective and Anxiety Disorders
			rtfMRI-NFB Self-Regulation in ADHD Patients
			Unsolved Issues
			Limitations
		Simultaneous EEG and rtfMRI NFB
	The Potential Role of Hypnosis in Self-Regulatory Techniques
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Section III: Clinical Hypnosis in Practice
Behavioral and Affective Change
28. Clinical Hypnosis and Anxiety
	Introduction
	Hypnosis and Anxiety
	Clinical Hypnosis: A Set of Skills
	Introducing Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Opportunity
		Metaphors
		Anchors
		Silence
		Self-Hypnosis
		Permissive Conclusions
	Conclusion
	References
29. Applying Hypnosis Strategically in Treating Depression
	About the Author: Background and Perspectives
	Empirical Support for Hypnosis in the Treatment of Depression
	Overview: The Scope of the Problem
	The Medical Model Dominates Treatment ... But Should It?
	The COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Depression
	Why Hypnosis for Treating Depression?
	Setting the Stage for Applying Hypnosis Strategically in Psychotherapy
	Common Targets of Depression Treatment
	Two Key Strategies of Applied Hypnosis: Structures and Representative Verbiage
		Hypnotically Building Positive Expectancy
			Induction
			Response Set
			Theme #1
			Theme #2
			Theme #3
			Check-In
			Post-Hypnotic Suggestion
			Closure and Disengagement
		Hypnotically Facilitating Flexibility
			Induction
			Response Set
			Theme #1
			Theme #2
			Theme #3
			Check-In
			Post-Hypnotic Suggestion
			Closure and Disengagement
	Conclusion
	References
30. The Hypnotic Lens on Trauma and Treatment
	Background Perspectives
	Brief History of Trauma Awareness in Health Care
	Labels and Diagnostic Terms
		Simple Versus Complicated Trauma
		Definitions of Trauma
	Dissociation and Hypnosis
	Applying Hypnosis
	Developmental Variation and Vulnerability
	Becoming Trauma-Informed
	References
31. Eating Disorders: Using Hypnotic Techniques and Rapport to Treat Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
	Distinctive Issues in the Treatment of ED
	Hypnosis as a Treatment
	Theoretical Framework
	A Multifactorial Approach
		Genetic Factors
		Traumatic Experiences
		Sociocultural Factors
		Brain-Based Neuroscience
		Triggering Factors
		Maintaining Factors
	Applications of Hypnosis
		Hypnotic Approaches to ED: Distinctive Features and Complementarity
		New Perspectives in the Treatment of EDs
			Clinical Illustration
	Future Orientation
	References
32. The Promise of Hypnosis Within CBT for Smoking Cessation
	Pitching Hypnosis and Debunking Myths
	The Winning Edge Program
		General Overview
		Introducing CBT
		The Educational Component
		The Motivation Piece and the Importance of Social Support
		The Cognitive Piece
		The All-Important Behavioral Ingredients
		Managing the Urge
		Incorporating Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies
		Incentivizing Success and Preventing Relapse
		The Boost from Self-Hypnosis
		Success Ceremony and Continued Support
	Conclusions
	References
33. Systemic Hypnosis: How to Develop and Use Systemic Trances with Couples and Families
	Outline
	Theoretical Framework and History
	Orientation: Direct Versus Indirect and Systemic Versus Individual
	General Principles and Goals of Systemic Hypnosis
	Trance Phenomena Produced by a Systemic Family Induction
		Reduction of Spontaneous Interactive Exchanges
		Slower Interactive Rhythm
		Conjoint Activity and Increased Sense of Belonging
		Physical Synchronism
		Emotional Synchronism
		Interruption of Usual Interactive Patterns
		Increased Attention to Individual Patterns
		Reduced Attention to Family Relationships
		Increased Attention to the Content
		Reduced Responsiveness to Other Family Members
		Increased Responsiveness to the Therapist
	Forms of Systemic Induction with the Family
	Indirect Family Induction
		The Family Trance Is Induced in an Indirect Way
		Utilization of the Natural Family Trance
		Inducing Indirectly Part of the Family While Inducing Directly Other Family Members
	Indirect Induction Techniques with the Family
		The Use of Space and Posture
		Family Rituals
		Interspersing Suggestions
		Metaphors
		Confusion Technique
	Direct Family System Induction
		Hypnosis with the Index Patient in the Presence of the Family
		Direct Hypnosis with Another Family Member in the Presence of the Patient
		Direct Hypnosis with the Whole Family
	Specific Direct Techniques for Families
	Other Therapeutic Factors Relevant to Systemic Hypnosis
	Application of Systemic Hypnosis with Families and Couples
		Segregating Families
		Individual Detachment
		Family Dissociation
		Hyper-Connected Families
		Chaotic Families
	Clinical Illustration
	References
34. A Systemic View: Hypnosis to Solve Problems of Overweight and Obesity
	Introduction
		Why Is the Issue of Overweight and Obesity Important?
		What Happens When There Is Overweight or Obesity?
	At the Behavioral Level
	At the Emotional Level
	Why Ericksonian Hypnosis?
	Research Model
	Benefits of a Group Model
	Lightening the Soul and the Body Model
	The Process
	Program and Group Sessions
		Session 1
		Session 2
		Session 3
		Session 4
		Session 5
		Session 6
		Session 7
		Session 8
		Session 9
		Session 10
	Results
	Conclusion
	References
Children and Adolescents
35. Hypnosis in the Treatment of Functional Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
	Introduction
		What Are Functional Somatic Symptoms?
		Assessment and Treatment of Functional Somatic Symptoms
	What Is Hypnosis?
	Every Clinical Encounter Counts
		The Comprehensive Medical Assessment
		When the Clinical Encounter Does Not Go Well: The Use of Negative Illness-Promoting Suggestions
		Starting Treatment
	Hypnosis Integrated into the Natural Conversation with the Child and Family in the Clinical Encounter
		Building Inner Agency and Mastery
		Using Imagination and Creativity
		Using Metaphors
		Embedding Positive Suggestions into the Conversation
		Use of the Treatment Ritual
		The Feeling of Being Part of an Effective Treatment Program
		Communicating Expertise and Providing Accurate Information
		Therapeutic Rituals That Promote Predictability, a Sense of Control, and Mastery
	Using Hypnosis to Support Medical or Physical Interventions
		Changing Focus of Attention
		Self-Hypnosis With or Without the Use of Audio Recordings
		Use of Formal Hypnosis
		The Hypnosis Session as a Therapeutic Ritual
		The Use of Scripts as Part of the Therapeutic Ritual
		Hypnosis Delivered in the Group Setting
	Conclusion
	References
36. Hypnosis: Finding Relief for Children and Teens in Pain
	Introduction
	Who Are We?
	Our Philosophical and Practice Approach
	Definition of Pain
	Under-Treatment of Children\'s Pain and Consequent Institutional Changes
	Hypnosis Is a Good Fit for Treating Pain, Particularly Persistent Pain
	Educating Patients on How Pain Is Processed
	Complex Chronic Pediatric Pain
	Hypnotic Metaphors Explain and Help Re-Pattern the Puzzle of Pain
	Hypnosis Techniques That Are a \"Good-Fit\" for Managing Pain
		Favorite Place
		Pain Switch (Kuttner, 2018)
	Hypnosis for Acute and Procedural Pain
		The Magic Glove (Kuttner, 2014)
		The Meg Foundation Resources
	Recurrent and Chronic Pain Require Complex Approaches
	Hypnosis for End of Life and Palliative Care
	Final Thoughts
	References
37. Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Pediatric Dentistry
	Background
	Theoretical Framework: Approaches and Principles in Pediatric Dentistry
		Commonly Used Principles in Pediatric Dentistry
		Effect of Hypnosis on Children\'s Dental Fear and Anxiety
		Approaches and Clinical Implications
		Invite Yourself to the Children\'s Universe
			Case a 12-Year-Old Boy with Dental Anxiety
				Trance
				Anchoring the Resourceful Feeling in the Body
				Future Pacing
		Ego-States as Metaphors
			Stage 1: Safety with Ego-Strengthening
			Stage 2: Accessing Trauma Material
			Stage 3: Resolving Traumatic Experiences
			Stage 4: Integration of New Identity
		Healing Metaphor Stories
	The Pain Reflex Conditioned by the Sound of the Drill
		Reframing of the Drill in Hypnosis
	Hypnosis and Management of Children\'s Digit Sucking
		Case: A Seven-Year-Old Girl Sucking Her Thumb Excessively
	Gagging Management in Children with the Use of Hypnosis
		Case: A Eight-Year-Old Girl with Severe Gagging
	Future Orientation
	References
Medicine
38. Hypnodontics
	Mind
		Dental Fear, Anxiety, and Phobia
		Pain
	Body
		Bleeding Management/Control
		Salivation Control and Management
		Gagging Control and Management
	Responses
		Stress Management
		Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer Management
	Behaviors
		Smoking Cessation
		Habit Control
		Bruxism
	Inductions
	Hypnodontics: Practice Integration
		Potential Models of Hypnodontics
	In Summary
	References
39. Hypnosis in Pediatric and Adult Pulmonology
	Author\'s Background
	Theoretical Framework and Principles of My Approach from Which I Practice
		Hypnosis Instruction
	Orientation
	Literature Review
		Asthma
		Chest Pain
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Interstitial Lung Disease
		Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)
		Habit Cough
		Vocal Cord Dysfunction
		Smoking Cessation
		Bronchoscopy
		Chest Physiotherapy
		Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation
		Laryngoscopy
		Mechanical Ventilation
		Radiotherapy
	Phenomenology: New Directions
	Directions for Future Research
	Therapeutic Relevance
	Clinical Illustrations
		Habit Cough
		Vocal Cord Dysfunction
	Future Orientation
	References
40. Hypnosis in Neurological Disorders and Neurorehabilitation
	Introduction
	The Role of Hypnosis in Neurological Disorders
	Movement Disorders
		Dystonia
			Epidemiology
			Signs and Symptoms
			Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
			Principles of Treatment
			The Role of Hypnosis in ICD
			Hypnotic Techniques
		Case Example
		Transcript
	Postural Hypnosis for ICD (Spasmodic Torticollis)
	Parkinson\'s Disease
		Epidemiology
		Signs and Symptoms
		Pathophysiology
		Principles of Treatment
		The Role of Hypnosis in Parkinson Disease
		Hypnotic Techniques
	Psychogenic Movement Disorders or Functional Movement Disorders
	Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
	Multiple Sclerosis
	Epilepsy and Non-Epileptic Psychogenic Crisis
	Raynaud Syndrome
	Neurorehabilitation
	Contraindications, Precautions, and Safety Profile
	Conclusions
	References
41. Hypnosis for Skin Disorders
	Medical Hypnotherapy for Treating Specific Skin Disorders
	Medical Hypnotherapy for Reducing Procedure Stress and Anxiety
	Psychosomatic Hypnoanalysis
	Conclusions
	References
42. Hypnosis in Gastroenterology
	Disorders of Gut Brain Interaction
	Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	Functional Dyspepsia
	Non-Cardiac Chest Pain
	How Does Hypnotherapy Improve Symptoms in DGBIs?
	Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	Duodenal Ulcer
	Esophageal Disorders
	Conclusions
	References
43. Hypnosis and Chronic Pain Management
	Introduction
	Four Key Research Findings
		Hypnosis Treatment for Chronic Pain Is Effective, But Outcomes Vary
		Self-Hypnosis Training Has Two Primary Beneficial Effects on Pain Intensity
		Hypnosis Treatment Has Many More Benefits Than Just Pain Reduction
		Focusing Hypnosis Treatment on Pain-Related Thoughts May Be More Effective Than Focusing on Pain Reduction
		Clinical Implications
	Self-Hypnosis Training for Chronic Pain
		Overall Session Structure
		Inductions
			Clinical Suggestions
				Decreased Awareness of Uncomfortable Sensations
				Increased Understanding That Pain Is Not Necessarily an Indication of Harm
				Increase in Reassuring Pain-Related Thoughts
				Age Progression for Comfort and Confidence
			Post-Hypnotic Suggestions
			Re-Orienting
			De-Briefing
	Summary and Conclusions
	Disclosures
	Acknowledgments
	Note
	References
44. Hypnosis and Fibromyalgia Syndrome
	Introduction and Definition
	Epidemiology
	Clinical Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnostic Criteria
	Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Traumatic Life Events, PTSD, and FMS
	Treatment
		General Principles of Treatment
		The Importance of Psychological Therapies
			The Importance of Hypnosis in FMS Guidelines
	The Role of Hypnosis in FMS
		Current State of Evidence-Based Medicine
		Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy for FMS
		Clinical Illustrations
	Hypnotherapy Protocol for Fibromyalgia Patients
		Case Example
	Safety Profile and Contraindications
	Future Orientation
	Implications for Training and Professional Development
	References
45. A Suggestive Presence during Labor and Birth
	Introduction
	Pregnancy
		Negative Suggestions
		Positive Suggestion
	Loss
	Delivery
		Involvement of a Professional
	After Delivery
	Summary
	Case Vignette
	Conclusion
	References
Critical Care
46. Hypnosis in Surgery: The Social-Psycho-Biological Model of Surgical Hypnosis
	Background
	Theoretical Framework
	Introduction
	The Biological Effects of Mental Stress
		Traditional Literature Review
	The Mental Effects of Mental Stress
	The Complex Effects of Socio-Psycho-Biological Stress
		Social Relationship Aspects
		Psychobiological Aspects
		Acceptance of Analgesic Suggestion
		Spontaneous Surgery Trance
		Archaic Involvement as Interpersonal Relations
	Therapeutic Relevance
	Future Orientation
	References
47. Perioperative Medical Interventions and Devices
	Outline
	Theoretical Framework
	The Importance of Appropriate Communication in Light of the Literature
	Clinical Application
		Christel Bejenke\'s Approach
		Clinical Examples from Practice
			Case Vignette 1
			Case Vignette 2
	Conclusion and Closing Remarks
	References
48. Bleeding, Hemostasis: Suggestive Techniques
	Hemostasis, Bleeding, Coagulation
	Factors Affecting Bleeding during Surgery
	Consequences of Perioperative Bleeding, Transfusion
	The Relationship between Bleeding and Mental State
	Brief Review of Literature - Psychological Techniques to Reduce Blood Loss
	Mechanism of Action of the Interventions
	Suggestion Techniques with or without Hypnosis
	Clinical Usage
	Research Goals and Difficulties
	References
49. Epilepsy, Stroke and Psychoses after Traumatic Brain Injury
	Epilepsy: Prevalence, Traditional Treatments and Their Limitations
		Epilepsy and Rational for Hypnosis
	Stroke: Prevalence, Traditional Treatments and Their Limitations
		Stroke and Rational for Hypnosis
	Psychosis Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Traditional Treatments and Their Limitations
		PFTBI and Rationales for Hypnosis
	Measuring Outcome and Perspectives on Evidence
		Outcome Measurement with Relevance for Relational Hypnosis
	Indications and Definition of Hypnosis in Treatment of Epilepsy, Stroke and PFTBI
	Definitions of Hypnosis
		Clinical Hypnosis Is Affect-Dependent and Relational
		Clinical Hypnosis Is Induced with Simple Vocabulary, Safe Voice and Slow Tempo
		Clinical Hypnosis Evokes Positive Affect
		Clinical Hypnosis for Dealing with Repressed Feelings
	Applied Hypnosis: PFTBI
	Applied Hypnosis: Epilepsy
	Applied Hypnosis: Stroke
		Case: Barney
	References
50. Hypnosis in the Intensive Care Unit: Utilization of the Superorganismic Connection State
	Introduction
	The Evolutionary Roots and the ICU
	Stress-Response
	The Superorganismic Connection State
	Caregiver in Trouble
	Self-Connection
	Hypnosis in the Superorganismic Connection State
	Rapport by Gaining the Patient\'s Perspective
	Closing Remarks
	References
51. Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care
	Introduction: Psychophysiology, Perspectives, and Applications of Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care
	Clinical Hypnosis and the Challenge of Its Therapeutic Relevance in Palliative Medicine
	The Goals of Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care
		To Provide Relief from Pain, Anxiety, and Other Distressing Symptoms
		Palliative Care Affirms Life and Regards Dying as a Normal Process
		Palliative Care Intends Neither to Hasten or Postpone Death
		Palliative Care Integrates the Psychological and Spiritual Aspects of Patient Care
		Palliative Care Offers a Support System to Help Patients Live as Actively as Possible Until Death
		Palliative Care Offers a Support System to Help the Family Cope during the Patient\'s Illness and in Their Own Bereavement
		Palliative Care Uses a Team Approach to Address the Needs of Patients and their Families, Including Bereavement Counseling, If Indicated
		Palliative Care Will Enhance Quality of Life, and May Also Positively Influence the Course of Illness
		Palliative Care Is Applicable Early in the Course of Illness, in Conjunction with Other Therapies That Are Intended to Prolong Life, Such as Chemotherapy or Radiation Therapy, and Includes Those Investigations Needed to Better Understand and Manage Distressing Clinical Complications
	Brief Introduction to Clinical Hypnosis in Palliative Care for Children
	Conclusions: Future Orientation for Professional Development of Clinical Hypnosis as an Integrative Therapy in Palliative Care
	References
Section IV: Frontiers of Hypnosis
Hypnosis and Society
52. Efforts, Pitfalls, and Criteria to Build a Bridge Between Hypnosis and Medicine
	My Background
	Introduction
	Building Bridges - How Can Hypnosis (Re-)enter Medicine?
	Need for Hypnosis
		Compatibility - \"Hypnosis\" as a Negative Suggestion
		Science and Evidence
		Measuring
		Evaluation
		Publishing
		Meta-Analyses
	Teaching Hypnosis in Medicine
	References
53. Understanding the Dark Side of Hypnosis as a Form of Undue Influence Exerted in Authoritarian Cults and Online Contexts: Implications for Practice, Policy, and Education
	Protecting the Field, Supporting the Individual
	A Definition of Hypnosis
		The Dual Identity Model
	A Foundational Case Study of Cult Recruitment and Maintenance
		Hypnosis in the Moon Organization Cult
		Recruitment, Despite Hesitations
		Membership and Maintenance
	The Dark Side of Hypnosis in Cults
		The Role of Hypnosis in the Life of Ron Hubbard
		A Window into Prevalent Cult Practices
		Unraveling Jargon: Dianetics, Auditors, and Hypnosis
		A Legacy Practice: Scientology Training Routines
		After Hubbard: Hypnosis Used for Undue Influence in Other Cults
			The NXIVM Cult of Keith Raniere
			The Rajneesh Movement
			Yogi Bhajan and 3HO
			Solo Sex Predators
		Hypnosis Misuse Online
		A Preview of Future Online Threats
			ASMR as Hypnosis
			Hypnosis and Sex
			Future Uncertainties
	The Search for a Legal Remedy
		Three Frameworks for Understanding Undue Influence
			The Influence Continuum
			The BITE Model of Authoritarian Control
			The Social Influence Model
		The Question of Whether the Law Protects Freedom of the Mind
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
54. The Image of Hypnosis: Public Perception of the Negative Aspects of Trance
	The Image of Hypnosis: Public Perception of the Negative Aspects of Trance
	The Methodological Dilemma
		Laboratory Experiments
		Actual Court Cases
			The Bombard Trial
	The Manchurian Candidate
	Estabrooks and Dissociation
	Forensic Hypnosis
	The Image of Hypnosis: The International Dimension
	Conclusion
	References
Professional Development
55. How to Encourage Self-Care in Helping Professionals through Process-Oriented Hypnosis
	Introduction
	Definitions and Framework
	Hypnosis for Self-Care: General Background
	Hypnosis for Self-Care: Personal Background
	Phenomenology and Therapeutic Relevance
	New Applications - How to Do a Process-Oriented Hypnosis Session to Encourage Self-Care
	Clinical Illustrations: Examples of Process-Oriented Hypnosis Sessions to Encourage Self-Care
	Even a Well-Balanced Life Requires Rebalancing at Times: The Case of Sam
		Presession Postulation to Test
		Transition to Formal Hypnosis
		Post-Hypnotic Suggestions Given to Sam
		Developing an Action Plan
		Follow-Up to Sam\'s Session
	Deciding Whether and How to Respond to Others\' Needs and Requests: The Case of Juliana
		Presession Postulation to Test
		Directing the Client\'s Attention to Process Themes
		Transition to Formal Hypnosis
		Post-Hypnotic Suggestions
		Action Plan
		Follow-Up
	Implications for Training and Professional Development and Future Orientation
	Note
	References
56. Mindfulness Meditation and Hypnosis in Clinical Practice: An Integrated Approach
	What Is Hypnosis?
	What Is Mindfulness Meditation?
		Types of Mindfulness Meditation
		Hypnosis Versus Mindfulness Meditation: Commonalities and Differences
	Hypnosis and Mindfulness: An Integrative Approach
		Touch-and-Return Protocol for Mindfulness
		Touch-and-Return Protocol for Hypnosis Induction
		The Importance of Therapeutic Alliance in Mindfulness and Hypnosis
	A Case Illustration
		Basic Information about the Client
		Intervention
		Outcome
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
57. Advancing Education in Clinical Hypnosis
	Introduction
	Contributions of Leaders to Clinical Hypnosis Education and Training
	Essential Competencies for Clinical Hypnosis
		Establishing Empathy and Rapport
		Assessing the Presenting Problem
		Exploring the Patient\'s Misconceptions of Hypnosis
		Discussing Realistic Expectations about the Hypnotic Treatment Process
		Eliciting a Hypnotic Experience (Hypnotic Induction)
		Assisting Patients to Intensify the Hypnotic Experience (Deepening, Intensifying), and to Re-Alert at the Close of the Session
		Practicing Utilization
		Facilitating Hypnotically Assisted Relaxation
		Explaining the Continuum of Hypnotic Ability and Identifying Reliable Tools for Assessing Hypnotic Ability
		Mastering Additional Specific Strategies for Facilitating Therapeutic Work during Hypnosis
		Introducing the Concept of Ego Strengthening and Practical Strategies for Accomplishing Ego Strengthening
		Introducing Self-Hypnosis Strategies
	The Future
		Hypnosis and Telemedicine
		Virtual and Hybrid Hypnosis Training and Education
		Digital Resources for Self-Hypnosis and Hypnosis-Guided Self-Care
		Concerns Regarding Future Developments
		New Professional Disciplines in Hypnosis Practice and Integrative Healthcare
	Conclusion
	References
58. A Model of Training in Clinical Hypnosis Grounded in Interpersonal Neurobiology
	Traditional Training in Clinical Hypnosis
	Considerations for Adult Learners in Clinical Hypnosis
	Considerations for Faculty in Clinical Hypnosis Trainings
	The Relational Aspect of Training Clinicians in Clinical Hypnosis
	Implicit and Explicit Learning in Clinical Hypnosis Training
	Teaching Formal Hypnotic Elicitations in Small Group Practices
	A Vision for the Future of Training in Clinical Hypnosis
	References
59. Professional Training and Development in Pediatric Hypnosis: What We Have Learned and How to Make It Better
	Introduction
	Theoretical Framework
		Orientation
	Hypnosis Training Curriculum
		Workshops Overview
		Phenomenology
	Increasing Therapeutic Relevance
	The Future of Training and Education
	Conclusion
	References
Frontiers
60. Placebo and Nocebo Effects: Implications for Hypnosis
	Definitions
	Psychological Studies
	Neurobiological Studies
	Clinical Implications and Their Relevance to Hypnosis
	References
61. Hypnosis and the Future of the World\'s Children
	The Dream for All Children
	My Early Experiences with Hypnosis
	The Current Demographic Situation for Children and Adolescents
	Disasters and Children
	Health Facilities in Resource-Poor Areas
	How Might Training in Self-Regulation via Self-Hypnosis Help Children Throughout the World?
	The Current Situation for Work Force Expertise in Child and Adolescent Hypnosis
	Examples of Specific Efforts to Provide Training on Hypnosis with Children in Resource-Poor Areas
		Thailand
		Malawi
		UMMEED Child Development Center, Mumbai, India
	Examples of Resources to Help Traumatized Children in Areas with Little Access to Mental Health Professionals
		Comfort Kits
		The Meg Foundation
		Return to Happiness and Child to Child Programs
	Cultural Considerations
	What Questions Should Expatriate Hypnosis Faculty Ask Themselves Before Teaching in Another Country? (See Table 61.1)
	Summary
	References
62. Actual Favorite Places
	Would You Like to Join Me on a Trip to a Cabin?
		Scene 1: When Too Afraid
	Children in a Hospital Setting and the Meaning of Nature
	Clinical Hypnosis
	\"Inscapes\" and \"Landscapes\"
	Where Would You Rather Be Than Here?
		Scene 2 When Words Are Not Enough
	The Meaning of the Outdoor Care Retreat
	Finding \"Superpowers\"
		When \"Not Suited\" for Therapy
	Bringing It Together
	Bringing Clinical Hypnosis Further
	Acknowledgment
	References
63. Hypnotic Horizons
	Hypnotic Horizons
	Looking Inward
		Validating Hypnosis
		Responsiveness Versus Suggestibility
		Self-Hypnosis and Hetero-Hypnosis
		Agents of Change
	Looking Outward
		Creativity Markers
		Subjectivity and Observation
		Expanding Hypnosis Through Evolving Scientific Studies
	Looking Forward
		Professional Education: Thinking in a Systems Context
		Building Tomorrow on Yesterday
		What Can We Imagine into Reality?
		Clinicians Become the Sorcerers\' Apprentices
	References
Index