The Routledge History of Disability (Routledge Histories)

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	References
Part I: Histories of disabilities across time and cultures
	A brief overview of the Routledge History of Disability
	Introduction to Part I: Histories of disabilities across time and cultures
	Chapter 1: Reason, value and persons: the construction of intellectual disability in western thought from antiquity to the romantic age
		Introduction
		Reason, persons and value in classical thought
		Grace and innocence
		Medieval interlude
		Of devils, witches and the massa carnis
		Of reason and folly
		Reason, rights and sensualism
		Of remarkable men and the education of the idiot
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2: The courage of subordination: women and intellectual disability in the ancient Greek world
		Introduction and overview
		Gendered hierarchy
		The courage of subordination
		Dangerous female intellects
		Taming the female
		The environment of disabled intellects
		Intellectual impairment and desire
		Conclusions: Context and community
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3: Jane Austen and me: tales from the couch
		In–valids in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
		Invalids as workers and socializers
		Invalids as morally and religiously enlightened
		Invalids as travellers
			Mansfield Park
			Persuasion
			Sanditon
		Jane Austen’s invalidism
		References
	Chapter 4: Developments in disability issues during the Late Ottoman period of Turkish history from 1876 to 1909
		Introduction
		Tracing the historical roots of care of disabled people during the Ottoman reign
		Care and treatment of disabled individuals in the Late Ottoman period
		Sultan Abdulhamid II and educational reforms for blind, deaf and physically disabled individuals
		International relations and the education of disabled people during the era of Sultan Abdulhamid II
		References
	Chapter 5: A short history of disability in Italy
		Introduction
		The Roman age
		The Christian age
		The medieval era
		1500–1800: From humanism to renaissance and to the beginning of the age of enlightenment
		The 1800s: Education, re-education and large institutions
		The 1900s: The contemporary age: Human rights, science, laws, and advocacy
		The impact of World War I
		The Fascist period
		The impact of World War II
		Human rights and support for the beginnings of inclusion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: A short history of disability aspects from Israel
		Introduction
		Disability and Islam
		The Jewish view on deafness
		The Jewish view of blindness
		The Jewish view of intellectual disability
		Services for people with intellectual disabilities in Israel 1929–1995
		Services for people with intellectual disabilities in Israel 1995–2012
		Division for intellectual and developmental disabilities in recent years
		Medical care
		Dreams for the future
		References
Part II: Histories of national disability policies, programs and services
	Chapter 7: The role of international institutions in the process of categorization of ‘disabled people’ (1930s–1975)
		New definitions of disability intrinsically related to the exercise of a professional activity within the area of vocational rehabilitation (1918–1955)
		The emergence of new definitions of disability that are not related to the exercise of a professional activity within the area of medical rehabilitation (1952–1975)
		Resolving the conflicts of interpretations related to the term disability
		The institutionalisation of the expression disabled persons at the international level
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Disabilities and disability services in Nigeria: past, present and future
		Social and economic conditions in Nigeria
		Languages, traditions, and religious beliefs on disabilities
			Islamic beliefs of disabilities
			Christian beliefs of disabilities
		Development of formal education and rehabilitation services
			Development of specialized care and education in southern Nigeria
		Care and rehabilitation of individuals with leprosy in Nigeria
		Special programs in Nigeria after independence in 1960
			The national education policy
			Nigerians with Disability Decree
			Private initiatives in specialized services in Nigeria since independence
			Inclusive education in Nigeria – Trends and challenges
		The way forward
		References
	Chapter 9: A short history of approaches to disability in the Netherlands
		Introduction
		New disability history
		The Dutch nation, pillarization and the welfare state
		“Uplift” of the blind and deaf
		Mental disorders as a problem
		Aspects of class
		Social Darwinism and eugenics
		Disability as functional deficit
		From charity to right
		Normalization?
		Pressure for change
		Disability activism and disability studies
		An integrated future?
		Summary and conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 10: A journey of change – history of disability in Hong Kong 1841–2014
		Setting the scene
		Traditional views of disability
		Paradigm shift: The journey of change
		Change of mindset of Government: From non-development to development of disability policy
			Significant disability-related events: 1841 to 1976
			The first White Paper on rehabilitation
			The second White Paper on rehabilitation
		Change in terminology
			Politics of language
			The ICIDH and ICF
			Categories of disabilities
		Shift in roles of stakeholders
			From service recipients to customers and persons-in-charge
			The wave of self-help organizations
			Rapid development of self-help: 1980s and 1990s
			Work in coalition or alliance
			Change in roles of other stakeholders
		Change from discrimination to equal opportunities in legislation
			Significant events
			The anti-discrimination legislation
			The role and function of the EOC
			Separate legislation for people with intellectual disabilities and people with mental problems
			The case of 1993
			Setting up of the Guardianship Board
			Recent thoughts and critique
		Shift in service ideology and mode of practice
			Education service – from segregated to integrated approach
			Other concerns regarding educational issues
			Recent developments
			Social care services – from institutional care to community care
			Standardized assessment mechanism for residential services
			Licensing scheme for residential care homes for persons with disabilities and the Bought Place Scheme (BPS) for private residential care homes for persons with disabilities (RCHDs)
			Care for older persons with intellectual disabilities
			Vocational services
			Scenario before 2000
			Major changes after 2000
			Tax concession and quota systems
		The Welfare Sector Subvention Reform – change from input control to output control
		Discussion and conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 11: Historical development of disability services in Singapore: enabling persons with disabilities
		A brief history of service provision for persons with disabilities in Singapore
			Antebellum Singapore (1940s and 1950s)
			Post-independence Singapore (1960s and 1970s)
			Industrializing Singapore (1980s and 1990s)
		Current service provision to persons with disabilities
			Early intervention
			Educational support within mainstream schools
			Education in special schools
			Blurring of boundaries
			Adult services
		Key characteristics of policy and service provision for disability in Singapore
			National plans and policy development
			Many helping hands and 3P
		Future directions
		References
	Chapter 12: Swedish disability policies: ideas, values and practices in a historical perspective
		Introduction
		Liberal social policies – poor relief, institutions and work morality
		The emergence of universal welfare policies and the disabled
			Income maintenance and social security
			Integration, normalization and the expansion of social services
			Critique of the welfare state: The dominance of bureaucracy and expert knowledge
		Changes from the 1990s onwards
			Activation – also for the long-term sick and disabled?
		Welfare, anti-discrimination and human rights
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: One difference is enough: towards a history of disability in the Belgian-Congo, 1908–1960
		Featuring disability in Belgian colonial history
		The role of Belgian education in the colonization and the oppression of the Congolese people
		Sparks of disability in the educational history of Black-Africa
		Conclusion: One difference is enough?!
		Notes
		References
Part III: Histories of education and training
	Chapter 14: From their own hands: collecting oral testimony in signing communities
		Introduction
		Sign language users as an ethnographic minority
		Practical issues
		Communication
		Transcription of data
		Presentation of research findings
		Ethical issues
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: The history of access to education of people with visual impairments in Great Britain from 1656 to 1999
		Influences of Christianity and philanthropy 1791–1900
		Legislation, reform and the segregation-integration dilemma 1901–1994
		Visually impaired students in post-16 education
		The effect of legislation
		The effects of philosophical change and models of disability during the 1990s
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Out of sight, out of mind: blind asylums and missions in Scotland
		Introduction
			The asylums
		Containment, morality and purification
		Controlled and surveyed spaces
		Women within gender, sexual and eugenic limits
		Resistance
		An institutionalised life for life
			The missions
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Tracing disability history in the.midst of cultural absence: an investigation into the Belfast Association for the Employment of the Industrious Blind
		Introduction
		Assessing the archives: the workshops for the blind
		Cultural reclamation: Disability in the museums
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 18: Australian histories of intellectual disabilities
		Recent historiographical developments
		Colonial period
		Eugenics
		Institutional decline
		The parent movement
		Normalisation
		Deinstitutionalisation
		Post-deinstitutionalisation
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 19: History and national policy documents on special education in sweden
		The special educator’s professional role
		Special educators’ educational practice and special educators’ view of their professional role in primary and lower secondary education
		Cultural norms and practices – Physical education and sporting experiences of young women with physical impairments
		Physical activity for disabled children with SEN
		Method and data collection
		Discrimination and exclusion
		Feelings of self-doubt
		To be confirmed
		Conclusion
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 20: The Italian path to school and social inclusion: problems, strengths and perspectives
		Introduction
		From the end of the nineteenth to the twentieth century
		First half of the twentieth century: The segregation period
		Second half of the twentieth century: Disability in Italy after World War II
			The 1950s and 1960s: The separate assistance
			The 1970s: The inclusion period
			From the 1980s to the 1990s: The integration period
			From school to work inclusion
		The new century
		Future perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Education of people with intellectual disabilities and hearing impairments in Spain: a historical approach
		Education of people with intellectual disability
		The welfare model
		The medical-rehabilitation model
		The educational model
		The gradual construction of deaf people’s right to education
			“Municipal school for deaf-mutes” of Barcelona
			Deaf pupils are educable!
		A gradually expanding, but basic level, curriculum
			Establishing the “medical model” of education
			The right to have the primary diploma
			From special centre to mainstream schools
		References
	Chapter 22: The case of the “dull” pupilin the Norwegian folk school 1892–1930
		The development of the folk (unitary) school
		The establishment of two special schools in Oslo: Sarsgaten and Ullevålsveien
		Changing views of the dull pupil
		Who were the dull pupils?
		“Rescuing” children from the special schools for mentally defective
		Debates among professional groups
		Modern pedagogical and psychological knowledge
		A big-city phenomenon
		Summary
		Notes
		References
Part IV: Spectacle, science, services and civil rights
	Chapter 23: The freak-show act: science and spectacle in the nineteenth century
		Act 1 – The Aztec Children
		Act 2 – The Missing Link
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 24: Three illusions in clinical photographs of the feeble-minded during the eugenics era
		The eugenics movement
		The drive to recognize
		Clinical photography and eugenics
		Caption illusion
		Classification illusion
		Scale illusion
		Photography in the service of clinical eugenics
		Note
		References
	Chapter 25: When is life unworthy of living? Lessons from the systematic killing of children with disabilities in Nazi Germany
		The growth of eugenics in Europe and North America
		The setting for eugenics extremism in Nazi Germany
			The ideological setting
			The socio-political setting
			Blending of political and scientific ideology
		The program for killing children with disabilities in Nazi Germany
			How did the program begin?
			How were the killings carried out?
			How “successful” was the program for killing children with disabilities?
		A return to the present
		Note
		References
	Chapter 26: The genesis of societies for crippled children in Canada and their American roots
		Introduction
		Cripples: Who were they?
		Setting the stage: provincial policies of reluctant support and reluctant intervention
		Selecting a population: Crippled children versus adults
		Roots and connections: The Ohio Plan and the Ontario Society for Crippled Children
		The Ohio Plan and its adoption by the service clubs
		Saving crippled children: From local concern to an international movement
		The American Influence over the rise of the Ontario Society for Crippled Children
		Providing care and treatment: The Ohio Plan and the Ontario Society for Crippled Children
			The decentralized plan
			Local and county surveys
			Traveling orthopaedic clinics and follow-up treatment
			The nursing service
			The satellite program
		Conclusion
		Note
		Bibliography
	Chapter 27: Breaking the rules: summer camping experiences and the lives of Ontario children growing up with polio.in the 1940s and 1950s
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Hygiene and Fresh movements: Philosophical foundation of camping movements
		Camping movement
		A brief history of the O.S.C.C.
		The O.S.C.C. summer camp objectives
		Disability as limitation / Disability as experience
		The wrong kind of independence
		Not always “happy campers”: socializing at camp and at home
		Embodied subjectivities: Beyond binaries of acceptance and resistance
		Devaluing/resisting/reclaiming a sense of personal worth
		Gendered subjectivities, social practice and performances within the camps
		Future narratives
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 28: Changing America’s consciousness: a brief history of the Independent Living civil rights movement in the United States
		An era ends
		Historical perceptions
		First perception: Paternalism, or attics, closets and almshouses
		Second perception: Competition and deviance, or, schools, prisons, and asylums
		Bridging centuries: The Civil War
		Third perception: Dominance and fragility, or, purity, reform and a president in disguise
		Fourth perception: Rehabilitation and independence, or, movements, sit-ins and disability rights
		Fifth perception: Charity and celebration, or, telethons, paradigm shifts and disability culture
		Legacies
		References
	Concluding remarks
	Index