The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the Global South

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Foreword
	References
Acknowledgements
Introduction: Producing Poor and Naming Them – Globalization and Neoliberalism in the Global South
	Globalization and Poverty
	Neoliberalism and Poverty
	COVID-19 and Poverty
	The Need for a Handbook on Poverty in the Global South
		Generating New Debates
		Learning from Each Other
		Impacting Social Policy
		Advancing Teaching Learning Programmes
		Advancing High-Quality Research
	The Scope and Nature of the Handbook
	References
Part I: Theorizing Poverty – Global South Societies in Transition
	Chapter 1: Poverty-Free Fantasy: Aid Agencies, Neocolonialism, and Neoliberalism in Nepal
		Introduction
		Aid Agencies’ Never-Ending Dance with Poverty: Promise or Paradox
		Aid-Aided Poverty Responses? Lies, Damned Lies
			Aid-Aided Poverty Responses and Neocolonialism
			Aid-Aided Poverty Responses and Neoliberalism
			Lies, Damned Lies
		Beyond Grand Illusion of the Aid-Aided Poverty Response: Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 2: Tabulating Global Literacy: Trends in Global, Continental, Regional, and National Literacy Rates between 2000 and 2020
		Background and Methodology
		Discussion
			Global Literacy, 2000–2020
			Literacy in North America
			Literacy in Europe
			Literacy in South America
			Median Literacy in Africa
			Median Literacy in Africa by Sex
			Literacy in Asia
			Female Literacy Change in Southern Asia
			Literacy in Oceania
			Superlative Literacy Change
			Slow or Stagnant Literacy Change by Nation
			Negative Literacy Change
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Social Policy, Public Housing, and Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria
		Introduction
		Nigeria’s Geographic Setting, Social and Economic Contexts
		Trends in Poverty and the Changing Paradigms of Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Romanticizing and Politicization of Poverty?
		Social Policy, Welfare State, and Poverty Alleviation Paradigms in Nigeria
		Poverty and the Housing Market in Nigeria
		Poverty and Housing Deprivation in Nigeria
		Public Housing as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy in Nigeria
		Harmonizing Social Programmes and Public Housing for Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria
		Conclusions and Implications
		Note
		References
	Chapter 4: Impact of Globalization on Poverty in India: Cross-Country Comparative Analysis with China and Indonesia
		Introduction, Meaning, Definition, and Significance of Study
		Impact of Globalization on Poverty: An Overview
		Globalization and Its Impact On Poor in India, China, and Indonesia: Discussion and Findings
			India
			China
			Indonesia
		Conclusion and the Way Forward
		Works Cited
	Chapter 5: Limits to Public Policy Pursuits on Poverty in India: Limited Conceptualization
		Introduction
		Concept of Deprivation: Indian Version
			Minimum Subsistence Consumption
			Multidimensional Perspective on the Minimum
			Poverty Line
				Concept
				Price-Adjusting Poverty Line for Inflation
		Limited Conceptualization
			Concept of Poverty
			Unidimensional Perspective
			Multidimensional Perspective
			Representativeness of Sample Data
			Limitations of Estimates of Conditional Expectations of Total Expenditures
			Relevance of Price Deflators
		Deprivation: Academic Dimension
		A Sum Up
		Notes
		References
Part II: Poverty and Marginalization in the Emerging Global South Countries
	Chapter 6: Reducing Poverty Requires Investing in Early Childhood Education in the Least Developed Countries
		Sustainable Development Goals and Threatening Factors
			SDG 4: Quality Education
			SDG Target 4.2: Ensure Access to Quality Early Childhood Development, Care, and Pre-primary Education
		An Example: An Initiative to Provide Early Childhood Education in Lao PDR
		Addressing Obstacles to the Development of Quality Education in the LDC
		Recommendations: The Importance of Connecting Education within and across the SDGs
		Conclusions: The Interdependence of Multisectoral Policies and Transdisciplinary Approaches to Provision and Assessment
		Acknowledgements
		Note
		References
	Chapter 7: Inequality: The Fundamental Bane of Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria
		Introduction
			Conceptual and Theoretical Issues: Poverty and Inequality
		Poverty and Inequality in Nigeria: The Trends
			Poverty Trend in Nigeria
			Inequality in Nigeria
			Money-Metric Measures of Inequality in Nigeria
			Non-money-metric (Non-income) Measures of Inequality in Nigeria
				Gender Inequality
			Regional, Urban, and Rural Inequalities
		Causes and Solutions to Inequality in Nigeria
		Summary, Conclusion, and Policy Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 8: Poverty and Elderly’s Health
		Introduction
		Elderly in Malaysia
			Poverty and Elderly
			Poverty, Health, and Elderly
		Methodology
			Measurement of Self-Health Evaluation
			Measurement of Health Status and Healthcare Utilization
			Measurement of Health Promotion Behaviour
			Method of Analysis
		Analysis and Discussion
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		Ethical Consideration
		References
	Chapter 9: Poverty among Rural Older People in Zambia
		Introduction
		Context and Concepts
			Poverty as a Lack of Resources
				Poverty as Inadequate Nutrition
				Poverty as a Lack of Income
				Poverty as a Lack of Assets
				Poverty as a Lack of Education
			Poverty as Social Exclusion
			Poverty in Zambia
				Poverty among Older People in Zambia
			The Need for Social Protection for Rural Older People in Zambia
			Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
		References
	Chapter 10: Poverty and Social Protection for Old Age in the 21st Century: Reversing Pension Privatization in Latin America
		Reforms to the Pension Systems
		First Wave of Reform towards Capitalization Systems and Its Consequences
		Social Security Reforms in the New Millennium
		Minor Changes to Individual Capitalization Accounts
			El Salvador
			Costa Rica
			Dominican Republic
			Panama
			Colombia
			Mexico
			Peru
			Chile
			Uruguay
		Structural Reforms Back towards a PAYG Scheme: The Cases of Argentina and Bolivia
			Bolivia
			Argentina
		Towards an Assessment of the New Reforms in a Comparative Perspective
		Final Reflections on the New Reforms in Latin America
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 11: Gender Identity and Socio-economic Status: Khawaja Sara Perspectives, Issues, and Challenges in Pakistan
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Transgender Situation as Human and Its Margins: The Global Scenario
			Precious Mettle: Struggling to Redefying Their Identity in Pakistan
		Methodology
			Sample
			Instrument
		Results
		Discussion
			Marginalization: Narrating the Realities of Presences
			Social Adjustment Problems: The Cultural Silencing
			Family Problems: Silent Families and Invisible Gender Reality
			Education Problems: Searching for a Place
			Health Problems: Out of Love and Care
			Psychological Problems: Narrating the Realities
			Financial Problems: Continuing the Struggle
			Problems of Human Rights: More than Missing
			Limitations
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
Part III: Welfare of the Margin – Issues, Challenges, and Concerns
	Chapter 12: Trouncing Poverty through Women’s Empowerment in India: A Case of Kerala’s Kudumbashree Mission
		Introduction
			Kudumbashree: A Women’s Empowerment Mission, Kerala
			Community Network: The Bedrock of Kudumbashree Mission
				Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs)
				Area Development Society (ADS)
				Community Development Society (CDS)
			The Working of the Kudumbashree Programme
				Meetings
				Thrift Credit Operations and 24-Hour Banking System
				Balasabhas
			Kudumbasree: A Capability Approach to Poverty
			Social Security Scheme: Women as the Decision-Making Authority
			Poverty Alleviation Based on Microcredit and SHGs
			Resource Mobilization and Utilization by Kudumbashree NHGs
			Self-Help Groups
			Woman’s Status Upliftment and Prosperity to Family
		Limitations of the Programme
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Poverty and Sex Work Migration in Edo State, Nigeria
		Introduction
		Conceptual Framework
		Gender Framework for Poverty and Sex Work Migration
		An Education Perspective on Poverty and Sex Work Migration
		Political Economy, Poverty, and Sex Work Migration
		Implications for Social Policy
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 14: Organized Crime and Penury in Pakistan: The Hybrid Exploitation of the Poor and Powerless
		Poverty in Pakistan
		Exploitation of Labour by Organized Crime
		Poverty, Gender, and Crime
		Poverty, Organized Crime, and Radicalization
		Organized Crime, Poverty, Child Sex Offenders, and Exploitation of Children
		State Institutions, Ineffectiveness, Poverty, and Crime
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Poverty and Microfinance
		Introduction
		Microfinance and Poverty
		Factors Affecting Poverty
			Data and Sample
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 16: Poverty and Access to Land in Rural Ethiopia
		Introduction
		Review of Literature
			Debates on Landownership
			Land Rental Market Participation
			Determinants of Land Rental Market Participation
		Materials and Methods
			The Data
			Conceptual Model
			Model Specification
			Major Variables Used and Hypothesis
		Results and Discussion
			Characteristics of Participant and Non-participant Households in Land Rental Markets
			Econometric Results
				Land Market Participation
				Intensity of Participation
				The Effect of Poverty on Access to Land
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 17: Reflections on Income Inequality and Poverty Trends in Nigeria
		Introduction
		Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
			Theoretical Literature
			Theory of Poverty
			Sustainable Livelihood Framework
			Literature Review
			Dynamics of Inequality
			Dynamics of Poverty
			Approaches to Poverty Studies
			Monetary Approach to Poverty
			Multidimensional Approach to Poverty
			Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Poverty
			Faiths-Based Approach to Poverty
		Measurements of Inequality and Poverty
			Measurement of Income Inequality
			Measurement of Poverty Indicators
		Inequality and Poverty Trends in Nigeria
			Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Inequality and Poverty in Nigeria
			The Link between Poverty and Inequality
		Poverty Reduction Strategies
			Nigeria Agricultural and Cooperative Bank (NACB)
			National Directorate of Employment (NDE)
			Directorate of Food, Roads, and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI)
			Operation Feed the Nation (OFN)
			Family Support Programme (FSP)
			National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
			National Economic Empowerments and Development Strategy (NEEDS)
			The Seven Point Agenda
			Nigerian Vision 20: 2020
			Transformation Agenda
			Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme (SURE-P)
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Poverty and Child Labour Nexus: An Indian Perspective
		Introduction
		Poverty Profile of India
		Poverty and Child Labour Nexus – Evidence from a Review of Studies
		‘Poverty’ – Not the Sole Determinant of Child Labour
		Suggestions for Mitigating the Incidences of Child Labour
		References
	Chapter 19: Exploring the Factors Affecting Child Poverty and Well-Being in Developed and Developing Countries: A Critical Review of Evidences
		Introduction
		International Context of Child Poverty: Concepts, Measures, and Limits
		Discussion: New Research Findings on Child Poverty and Child Well-Being
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Race and Risk: Poverty in an Urban Setting
		What Is Urban Poverty?
		Urban Homelessness in the United States
		Race and Poverty in American Urban Areas
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Just Going Nowhere: How Post-Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Leadership Training for Young People in Cassava Farming Village Fails
		Introduction
		Setting of the Scene
		Research Methods
		Findings: Leadership Training That Takes Them Nowhere
		Discussions
		Future Intervention in the Social Work Discipline
		References
Part IV: Politics of Poverty – Measuring and Naming the Poor in the Global South Societies
	Chapter 22: Impact of Neoliberalism on the Right to Food: A Comparative Analysis between India and China
		Introduction
		Origin and Development of Neoliberalism
		Impact of Neoliberalism on Right to Food
			Neoliberalism, Poverty, and Hunger
				Colonization
				Green Revolution
				World War II
				Global Financial Crisis 2007–2008
			Right to Food: International Standpoint
		Right to Food: Status in India and China
		COVID-19: Impacting Economy and Right to Food
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Ensuring Food Security: A Case for Developing Countries
		Overview
		Background of Study
		Food Security Concepts and Indicators
			Data and Sample
		Factors Affecting Food Security
			Malthusian Theory
				Population Growth and Food Security
				Arable Land and Food Security
			Food Availability Decline (FAD)
				Agricultural Credit and Food Security
				Food Exports and Food Security
				Environmental Quality and Food Security
				Biofuel Production and Food Security
			Food Entitlement Decline (FED) Theory
				Income and Food Security
				Income Inequality and Food Security
				Food Price and Food Security
				Remittances and Food Security
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24: Methods of Assessing Poverty in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Overview
		Introduction
		The Challenge with Customary Approaches to Poverty Assessment in Bangladesh
		Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
		Comparing the MPI with Other Poverty Measures in Bangladesh
		Recommendation
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25: Being Poor, Female, and First-Year at a South African University: Vulnerabilities to Gender-Based Violence
		Background
		Aims and Objectives
		Methodology
		Findings
		Struggle to Meet Basic Needs
		Predatory Behaviour of Student Leaders
		Pressure to Dress Up and Fit In
		Pressure to Party and Drink Alcohol
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 26: Saving New Lives in Remote Areas of Indonesia: Social Capital and the Use of Dukun Beranak’s Service (Traditional Birth Attendants) in Indonesia
		Background
		The Setting of the Scene
		Methodology
		Findings
		Discussion
		Implications for Further Interventions
		Conclusions
		Bibliography
	Chapter 27: Poverty, Inequality, and Politics of Marginality in India: State and Civil Society’s Affirmative Action
		Introduction
		Conceptualizing the State of Poverty and Inequality in India
		Poverty Eradication: Evaluating the Role of State, Civil Society and Social Movements
		COVID-19 Pandemic: State and Civil Society’s Response to Poverty and Inequality
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 28: Multidimensional Poverty Index of the Districts of Gujarat
		Introduction
		Objectives of the Study
		Theoretical Review
		Research Method
		Findings and Discussion
		Dimension-Wise Deprivation in the Districts of Gujarat
			Annexure 1
		Acknowledgement
		Notes
		References
			Webliography
Part V: Rethinking Economic Development in the Global South
	Chapter 29: Strategic Errors, Underdevelopment, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Introduction
		Existing Debates on Underdevelopment in Africa
		Recognizing the Realities of the International System
		Which Way Forward?
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 30: Forced Displacement and the Financialization of the Poor
		Conflict, Internal Displacement, Poverty, and Debt
			Defining the Financialization of Poor Populations
			A Note on Anthropological Fieldwork
		Colombian Conflict and Class Reconfigurations
		Relocating People, Humanitarian Aid, Shaping Labour Relations
			The Journey of Urban Relocation
			Income-Generating Programmes
			Education as Business
		Narco-Paramilitary Credit for the Poor: The Gota a Gota (Drop By Drop) Money Lending System
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 31: Urban Poor in Neoliberal City-Spaces: Negotiating Marginalities and Everyday Struggle in the Peri-Urban Delhi
		An Introduction
		The Statement of the Problem: A Justification for the Research
		Objective of the Study
		The Method
		Discussion
			Locating Delhi in the Discourse of Urban Development: Understanding the Spaces and Their Consequence for the Poor
			Poverty Context and the Act of Making and Unmaking through the Sense of Place
				The Material Aspects of Inhibiting the Space
				The Social Aspect of Inhabiting the Space
				The Psychological Aspect of Inhibiting the Space
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 32: The Challenges of Social Safety Nets for Poverty Reduction: The Case of Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Country Context
			The Concept of Social Safety Nets
		Major SSNPs and Strategies in Bangladesh
			Old-Age Allowances
			Allowances for Widows and Abandoned Destitute Women
			Rural Mothers Care (RMC)
				Education Stipend for Students with Disabilities
			Programme for Improving the Living Standards of the Bede (Gipsy) and Underprivileged Communities
			Development Programme for Improving the Living Standards of Hijra (Transgender) Community
				Capitation Grant
				Beggar’s Rehabilitation and Alternative Employment
			Urban Community Development (UCD) Programme
			Rehabilitation Programme for the Burn Victims and the PWDs
			Sarkari Shishu Paribar (State Children Home)
			Baby Home
			Day Care Centre
			Destitute Children Rehabilitation
			Allowances Programme of Insolvent PWDs
			Honorarium for Insolvent Freedom Fighters
			Food and Security Programmes
			Micro-credit Programmes Under the SSNs
			Development Sector Programmes Under the Safety Nets
			Medical Social Work Services
		Major Challenges of SSNs for Poverty Reduction
		Policy Recommendations and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 33: Individualization of Distress: Farmers’ Suicide in India
		Introduction
		Theoretical Context and Methodology of Argument
			Debate of Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements
			In Search of a Good Life
		Durkheim and Farmers’ Suicide
			Defining Suicide in the Context
			Transition in the Agriculture
			Change in the Family Structure: Process of the Individuation
		Concluding Remarks and Scope for Further Research
		Notes
		References
Index