The Routledge Handbook of Commodification

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
	I
	II
	III
	IV
Acknowledgements
Introduction: Contested Markets and Commodification Studies
	Why a Handbook On Commodification Studies?
	What Questions Does Commodification Studies Ask?
	The Origins of Commodification Studies
	The Organization of the Book
	Contested Commodities: Theory and Controversy
	Contested Commodities of the Past
	Contested Commodities of the Present
		Political Goods
		Commodification and the Body
		Commodification and the Environment
	Concluding Remarks: Alternative Markets and Market Alternatives
	References
Part 1 Commodification Studies: Past and Present
	1 Commodification: The Traditional Pro-Market Arguments
		Introduction
		Liberty, Consent, and Property Rights
		Markets, Morality, and Social Cohesion
		Markets and Efficiency
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	2 Classical Anti-Commodification Arguments: Commodification and Fictitious Commodities – Polanyi’s Decisive Contribution
		Introduction
		Polanyian Institutionalism
		The Three Fictitious Commodities
		The Necessity of Institutions
		Re-commodification and Market Extension
		Notes
		References
	3 Contemporary Anti-Commodification Arguments: Market Failures – Identifying Contested Markets Without Morals? An Analysis of the Externality Argument for Inalienability
		Introduction
		The Economic Account of Market-Inalienability By Externalities
			The So-Called Efficiency of Markets Without Externalities
			Restraining the Extent of Externalities
			From Market-Inalienability to Commodification as Solutions to Externalities
		How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Externality Argument
			How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Technological Externality Argument
			How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Pecuniary Externality Argument
			How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Moral Externality Argument
		Why the Externality Argument for Inalienability Is Insufficient Or Inconsistent
		Conclusion: The Need to Build a Stronger Argument Against Commodification By Founding the Concept of Externalities On a Theory of Justice
		Notes
		References
	4 Contemporary Anti-Commodification Arguments: Corruption, Inequality, and Justice
		Introduction: Philosophical Anti-Commodification Theory
		Corruption Arguments
			Ontological Corruption
			Normative Corruption
			Teleological Corruption
		Equality Arguments
			Simple Equality/complex Equality
			Moral Equality
			Democratic Equality
		Justice Arguments
			Civic Goods
			Necessary Goods
			Physical Goods
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	5 Sociology of Moral Contestation of Exchange Institutions
		Introduction
		Political Economy and Classical Sociology
			From Adam Smith to Léon Walras
			Émile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Polanyi
		Contemporary Sociology
			Pragmatic Sociology: Critiques and Compromises
			Empirical Research
		Decommodification and Contested Economies
			Contested Reciprocity
			Contested Redistribution
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part 2 A History of Contested Commodities
	6 Land: Land as Commodity—A History of a Problem
		Introduction
		The Traditional Forms of Land Ownership in Non-Capitalist Societies
		The Political Value of Land
		Enclosure: The Advent of Land Ownership and Commodification
		Commodification of Land in the Contemporary Period
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	7 Usury and Simony: Trading for No Price – Thomas Aquinas On Money Loans, Sacraments and Exchange
		Introduction
		Prohibition of Usury: The Construction of a Non-Commodified Exchanged Object
			Changing the Basis for a Possible Income of the Lender
			The Ontological Claim On the Ownership and Use of Money
			The Non-Commodification of the Money Loan
		Simony: Intermediate Cases of Commodification
			A Strong Ontological Prohibition of Sale at a Price
			A Lexical Commodification
			A Partial Operational Commodification
		Concluding Remarks
		Notes
		References
	8 Labour: From Disguised Servitude to Limited Servitude—A History of the Social Incorporation of the Commodification of Work
		Introduction
		The Denunciation of the Commodity Theory of Labour: Buret, Marx, and Polanyi
		The Ambivalence of the Kantian Critique of Wage Subordination
		The Genesis of Salaried Employment: Limited Servitude
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	9 Gambling: Using the Market to Regulate Practices
		Introduction
		From Prohibition to Monopolies: Moral Arguments and the General Interest
			Moral Concerns
			Monopolies in the Name of the General Interest
			The 1980s–1990s: The Rise of the Gambling Industry
		Online Gambling in the European Regulatory Context: New Challenges for the Contested Market
		Governing the Gambling Market By Cooling-Down Devices
			Gambling Addiction at Stake: Reframing a New Externality
			Taxation and Limitation of Marketed Products
			The Power of Online Devices
		Ten Years After: Privatization and Wider Opening?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	10 Insurance
		Introduction
		What Is Insurance?
		Insurance and Commodification
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part 3 Contested Commodities and the State
	11 Vote Buying and Campaign Finance
		Introduction
		Compulsory Voting Versus Paid Voting
		Paying People to Vote the Way They Would Vote Anyway
		Paying Someone to Vote the Objectively Right Way
		The Unwelcome Implications
		Institutionalizing Vote Markets
		Campaign Finance: Much Ado About Nothing?
		Democratic Realism Vs Anti-Commodificationism
		Notes
		References
	12 Health Care
		Introduction
		Some Preliminary Distinctions
		Anti-commodification Arguments I: Distributive Justice
		Anti-commodification Arguments II: Corruption
		Anti-commodification Arguments III: Efficiency
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	13 Education: Commodification and Schools
		Introduction
		Background
		What Is Commodification and Why Should Anybody Care About It?
		Would Complete Commodification Underproduce Educational Goods?
		Would Complete Commodification Maldistribute Schooling?
		Markets and Commodification in the Real World
		The Risks of Complete Non-Commodification
		Concluding Comments
		Notes
		References
	14 Security and Prisons
		Introduction
			Commodification
			Commodification and Privatization
			Forms of Commodification in the Context of Incarceration
			The Relevance of the Racial Dimension of Mass Incarceration
		Commodification Arguments Against Private Prisons
		Arguments Against Prison Labour
		Mass Incarceration and Race
		References
	15 Cultural Goods: Cultural Commodification and Cultural Appropriation
		Introduction
		What Are Cultural Goods and Why Do They Matter?
		What Is Cultural Appropriation and When Is It Wrong?
		Is Cultural Ownership Possible?
		Cultural Appropriation, Commodification, and Reconciliation
		Notes
		References
	16 Care Work: Revaluing Care Through Partial Decommodification—In Praise of Unpaid Care From All
		Introduction
			Definitions
		Care, Commodification, and Equality
		“Part Time for All”: Restructuring Work and Care
		Benefits and Challenges of PTfA (And Decommodified Care)
			Concerns, Questions, and Nuances
			Benefits
		Conclusion: Rethinking Care and Commodification in Light of PTfA
		Notes
		References
Part 4 The Body and Intimacy as Contested Commodities
	17 Human Organs
		Introduction
		Coercion and Consent
		Tiered Consent and Well-Being
		Well-being and Reasons for Consent
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	18 Blood and Plasma: Or, If You’re Such an Altruist, Why Don’t You Sell Your Plasma?
		Introduction
		Altruism and Community Solidarity
			The Price of Priceless Plasma Is Patient Health
			Patient Health Matters More
			The Altruistic Paid Donor
			Encroachment
			Community Solidarity
		Donor Health, Donor Dignity, and Wrongful Exploitation
			Donor Health
			Donor Dignity and Wrongful Exploitation
		Bump in the Rug
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	19 Gametes: Commodification and the Fertility Industry
		Introduction
		Sperm Markets
		Egg Markets
		The Payment Guidelines
			Payment Caps
			Enforcement Efforts
			Lawsuit and Aftermath
		Analysis: Commodification, Undue Influence, Coercion, and Exploitation
			Commodification
			Undue Influence and Exploitation
			Access
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	20 Contract Sex
		Introduction
		Decriminalization Without Legalization
		Full Vs. Partial Decriminalization
		Full Decriminalization With Legalization
		Toxic Markets and Special Regulation
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	21 Surrogacy: The Ethics of Paid Surrogacy
		Introduction
		Baby Selling and Treating Children as Property
			Treating Children as Mere Property
			Allocating Children to Families On Purely Commercial Or Financial Grounds
			Selling Gestational Services Vs. Selling a Baby
		Exploitation and Consent
		Norms, Motives, and Degradation
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	22 Adoption: A Mosaic of Market and Non-Market Elements
		Introduction
		Adoption as a Contract
			Adoption’s Evolution From Relatively Open Market to Masked Commodification
			Adoption as “Nothing But” a Market Exchange: “Too Cold”
		Adoption and Market Exchange as “Hostile Worlds”: “Too Hot”
		“Mosaic” of Markets and Non-Markets in Adoption: “Just Right”
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part 5 Non-Human Nature and Environment as Contested Commodities
	23 Natural Capital and Biodiversity: Money, Markets and Offsets
		Introduction
		Commodification and the Environment
			Market Endorsing Positions
			Market Sceptical Positions
				Commodification, Growth and Environmental Destruction
				Commodification, Commensurability and Compensability
				Distributional Objections
				Deliberative Criticism
		Natural Capital, Biodiversity and Offset Markets
			Offsets, Accumulation and the Creation of a Perverse Asset Set
			Valuation, Compensation and Substitutability
		Distributional Objections to Offset Markets
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	24 Emissions Trading: Commodification of Pollution—From Resistance to Proliferation
		Introduction
		The Early History of the Idea
			The Promotion of Cost Efficiency
			The Wider Resistance to the Use of Incentives
		The Spread of Cap-And-Trade, in Theory and in Practice
			The EPA’s First—and Unexpected—experiment
			The Spread of the Idea
			The Spread of Emissions Trading in Practice
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	25 Ecosystems: Ecosystem Services and the Commodification of Nature
		Introduction
		Ecosystem Services as a Way of Framing Human-Nature Relationships
			Conceptualising and Valuing Ecosystem Services
			The Turning Point in the World’s Environmental Policy Agenda
			Ecosystem Services in Markets and Payment Schemes
		Ecosystem Services and Nature Commodification
			The Process of Nature Commodification
			Degrees of Commodification
			Ecosystem Services Institutions and Commodification
			Why Is Nature Commodification a Problem?
			Ecosystem Services as a Symptom of a Broader Trend?
		Nature De-Commodification
			Empirical Evidence of De-Commodification Processes
			A More Fundamental De-Commodifying Change in Sight?
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	26 Water: Distributive Justice and the Commodification of Water
		Introduction: What, If Anything, Might Be Wrong With the Commodification of Water?
		Defining Commodification and the Commodification of Water
		The Urgency of the Water Crisis
		Six Salient Features of Water as a Distributive Good
		Some Key Normative Objections to the Commodification of Water
		Prohibition Or Regulation? A Sufficientarian Approach
		Concluding Remarks
		Notes
		References
	27 Animals: Ending Cruelty Through Markets
		Introduction
		Decommodifying Animals
			The Benefit of Existence
			Early Death as the Price of Existence
		Market Failures in the Farm Animal Market
		The Animal Welfare Market
		Pigovian Taxes
			Tax On Meat and Animal Products
			Tax On Animal Products
			Tax On Suffering
			Death Tax
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	28 Seed: Commodification, Decommodification and Commoning
		Introduction
		Drivers of Seed Commodification
			The Biotech Revolution and Patentability
			Consolidation in the Global Seed Industry
		Public and Private Responses to Market Failures
			Responding to Crop Genetic Erosion
			Circumventing Intellectual Property Enclosure
		Decommodification
			Decommodifiying Through Commoning
			Longing for Sovereignty
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	29 Parks and Forests: The Question of the Commons
		Introduction: Commodification, Valuation, and the Commons
		The Debate Between Garrett Hardin and Elinor Ostrom On the Question of the Commons
		On the Proper Use of Forests: The Forestry Controversy of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
		National Parks: Public Property Or Common Land?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Index