The Routledge Handbook of Collective Intelligence for Democracy and Governance

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1 Foundations
	1 A Brief History of Collective Intelligence, Democracy, and Governance
		Introduction
		Origins of the Collective Brain (101–103 Members)
		Step-change: City-States and Confederations (104-105 Members)
		Step Change: Empires and Republics (105-108 Members)
		Digital Age: The Next Step Change? (10.-10¹° Members)
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	2 From the Knowledge Society to the Collective Intelligence Society Collective Tacit Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence for Policymaking
		Introduction
		From the Knowledge Society Towards a New Collective Intelligence Paradigm
			The Knowledge Society and Government
		The Emerging Collective Intelligence Society
		Collective Tacit Knowledge as a Strategic Resource for Policymaking
			Tacit Knowledge
		Eliciting Collective Tacit Knowledge for Policymaking
		Hybridizing Collective Tacit Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence for Policymaking
		Conclusion: A New Collective Intelligence Society
		References
	3 Smarter Together?: Collective Intelligence and Change in Government
		Introduction
			Collective Intelligence for Public Problems: Much Needed and Hard to Come By
				Politics and Collective Intelligence: A Natural Match, in Theory at Least
				In Reality: The Conditions for CI Are Not Easily Met
		Thinking Collectively Requires Overcoming Conflicting Interests
		The Interdependence Between Issues and Actors Makes Collaboration Harder
		The Legitimacy of Representative Democracy Is Being Challenged By Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes
			CI and the Renewal of Democracy
				Overall, Democracy Is a More Natural Laboratory for Collective Intelligence
				Can Collective Intelligence Help Solve the Legitimacy Equation?
				New Governance Methods to Harness CI Are Under Construction
				New Institutional Models Are Being Designed With CI in Mind
				There Is Still a Lot We Don’t Know
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	4 Collective Intelligence and Governance: Imagining Government as a Shared Brain
		Introduction
		Background
		Government as Intelligence
			1. Open Or Closed?
			2. Assemblies Or Silos?
			3. Evidence and Impact
			4. Strategy and Collective Intelligence
		The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Collective Intelligence
		Conclusions
		Notes
	5 Measuring the Effect of Collective Intelligence Processes That Leverage Participation and Deliberation
		Introduction
		A Brief Genealogy of Participatory and Deliberative Processes
		PDPs: Three Dimensions of Effects
		Effects of Collective Intelligence Processes On Individuals
			Acquiring Useful Knowledge
			Changing Attitudes, Preferences, and Perspectives
			Increasing Civic and Pro-Social Behaviors
			Improving Cognitive Capacities
		Effects of Collective Intelligence Processes On Groups
			Impacts On Quality, Cognitive Complexity, and Group Toxicity
			Impacts On Group-Level Preferences: Consensus, Polarization, and Dissent
		Impacts of Collective Intelligence Processes On Society
			Impacts On Community Well-Being
			Impacts On Laws, Constitutions, and Public Policies
			Impacts On Public Opinion
			Impacts On Organizations, Political Parties, and Companies
			Impacts On Elections
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	6 Key Defining Concepts: Collective Intelligence, Democracy, and Governance
		Seminal Definitions of Collective Intelligence
			Pre-1970
			1970 to 2010
			2010 to Present
		Foundational Concepts of Collective Intelligence
			What Is Individual Intelligence (And How Do We Measure It)?
			Types of Individual Knowledge
			Types of Organizational Knowledge
			Collective Intelligence
				How Collective Intelligence Works
				Drivers of Collective Intelligence
				Core Functions of Collective Intelligence
				Impediments to Collective Intelligence
				Problem Complexity
				Design Principles and Frameworks
		Innovations in Democracy and Governance
		Humans and Machines Thinking Together
			Hybrid Intelligence
			Collective Consciousness
		Notes
		References
Part 2 Reinventing Democracy: New Modes of Representation: Introduction
	Introduction
	Starting Points
	New Directions
	7 Deliberative Policymaking During COVID-19: The Case of Taiwan
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
			Build Trust Between the Hacker Community and Government Officials
			Adopt Technology to Facilitate Engagement With Diverse Communities
			Let Citizens Co-Define the Agenda at an Early Stage
			Get All Levels of the Public Administration On Board
		Acknowledgements
		References
	8 Crowdsourcing a Constitution: The World’s First Crowdsourced Constitution Rises From the Ashes in Iceland
		The Story
			A Second Chance
		What Science Tells Us
		Crowdsourcing: What We Know We Know
		Crowdsourcing: What We Know We Don’t Know
		Crowdsourcing: What We Don’t Know We Know
		Crowdsourcing: What We Don’t Know We Don’t Know
		Do’s and Don’ts
			Clear Political Will for Impact
			Ensuring Accessibility and Representativeness
			Experts and Methods Leading to Healthy Debates
		Notes
		References
	9 Collective Creativity and Political Entrepreneurship: The Alternative in Denmark (Or Why Failure Is an Option)
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	10 How to Facilitate the Convergence of Conflicting Constellations of Interests: Germany’s “Agora Energiewende”
		The Story
			Back to the Future: A Modern-Day Agora for a Path Forward
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	11 How Collective Political Intelligence Produced Better Policy: Political Task Committees in Gentofte, Denmark
		The Story
		A Concept of Collective Political Intelligence
		The Political Task Committee Model
		What Science Tells Us
			PTCs as Drivers of Collective Political Intelligence
		Do’s and Don’ts
		References
	12 From Shouting Matches to Argument Maps: An Online Deliberation Experiment in Italy
		The Story
		Summary of Results
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	13 Achieving Parity With Human Moderators: A Self-Moderating Platform for Online Deliberation
		The Story
		Background: Deliberative Polling On an Online Platform
		Related Work
		Roadmap
		Platform Design
		Similarities and Differences With Human Moderation
		Technical Specifications
		Key Results
			Online Deliberation in Japan
			Deliberation Experience Comparison
			Gender Participation Analysis
			Other Correlations
			Other Online and In-Person Deliberations
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	14 When Bottom-Up and Top-Down Meet: The ADDIS Process and the Co-Creation of the Nigeria Startup Bill
		The Story
		Co-creating the Nigeria Startup Vision and Bill
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Legend
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
Part 3 Eliciting Citizen Knowledge for Collective Intelligence as a Public Good: Introduction
	Citizen Tacit Knowledge
	Converting Individual Tacit Knowledge Into Collective Intelligence for Public Policy
	Tacit Knowledge for Collective Intelligence as a Public Good
	Learnings On Sharing of Tacit Knowledge for Collective Intelligence as a Public Good
	15 Reinventing Local Government Through Collective Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence: How a Danish Municipality Harnesses Citizen Insights
		The Story
		The Science Behind
		Do’s and Don’ts
		References
	16 Slowing Down to Better Tackle a Region’s Challenges: Lessons From Co-Intelligence Wallonia
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	17 Turning Problem Makers Into Creative Problem Solvers: How New York State Creatively Shifted the Paradigm...
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	18 Tacit Knowledge Speaks the Language of Story: Morocco’s Commission Spéciale Sur Le Modèle De Développement
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
Part 4 Reinventing Public Administration: New Modes of Collaboration: Introduction
	Starting Point: Recognizing New Challenges
	New Directions
		Collective Intelligence Can Be Fostered Both in Close-Knit Or Loose Communities, as Well as Across Elite Circles and Lay Citizens
	Technologies Can Be Accessible
		Fostering Social and Policy Innovation and Exploration as Central to Public Administration’s Mandate
	Building Decentralized and Agile Systems
	Tapping Into Crowd Wisdom
	Fostering Learning
	New Agenda: Treating Collective Intelligence, Creativity, and Innovation as a Commons
	19 Challenging Received Wisdom and Spreading Innovation: Lessons From the Youth Justice Board
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	20 Hearing the Marginalized: The Jan Sunwai in India
		The Story
			Half Community Meeting, Half Court Hearing
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s & Don’ts
		A Jan Sunwai Will Lose Relevance If It Falls Into One of These Traps
		Notes
		References
	21 Creating Collaborative Young Communities Through School Participatory Budgeting
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Note
		References
	22 Dreaming, Remembering, Scaling, and Innovating Boldly: How a Small French Town Initiated a Journey Towards “Zero Unemployment”
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	23 Public Challenges to Kindle Innovation How One Telegram Forever Changed Public Policy in Australia
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Note
		References
	24 Creating a “Voice” of Collective Change Through Simple Mobile Phones
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		References
	25 Collective Intelligence and Digital Participatory Platforms: Learnings From Barcelona’s Decidim
		The Story
			Democracy, Collective Intelligence, and Digital Technologies
			A Brief Story of Decidim: From Its Cradle in Barcelona to Its Global Expansion
		The Conference On the Future of Europe: A Continent-Wide Citizen Conversation
		Decidim and Collective Intelligence at the Political, Technological, and Technopolitical Levels
		The MetaDecidim Community and Its Role in Catalyzing Collective Intelligence
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
Part 5 Social Innovation and Bottom-Up Power: Introduction
Lex Paulson
	Introduction
	Starting Points
	New Directions
	26 Smarter Mediation, Better Dialogue: Lessons From a Swedish Protest for Local Healthcare
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		References
	27 Conflict Resolution and Community Change
		The Story
		Key Outcomes
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	28 To Transform the Community, Change the Story: The Fab City Global Initiative
		The Story
		THE SCIENCE BEHIND
			Why Focus On Story?
		Do’s and Don’ts
			DO
			DON’T
		Notes
		References
	29 Scaling Personal Initiatives Into Collective Action: The Citizen Powerhouse of Sager Der Samler in Aarhus, Denmark
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	30 Pioneering Asia Pacific’s First Community-Driven Investment Process Through Blockchain: Impact Collective
		THE STORY
			Results
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
Part 6 Reimagining International Governance: Introduction
	Starting Point: Key Challenges in International Governance
	New Directions
		Transcending Conflicts By Mobilizing People’s Imagination
		Building Trust and Appreciation for Other Perspectives
		Holistic and Systems Thinking
		New Agenda: A World Government of Assemblies?
	31 Unlocking the Collaborative Potential of National Parliaments: The Open European Dialogue
		The Story
			Missing Collective Intelligence Infrastructure for National Lawmakers in the EU
			Creating a Safe Space for Parliamentarians to Think Together
			State-of-the-art Dialogue: Listening Before Speaking
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	32 Crowd Forecasting Infectious Disease Outbreaks
		The Story
		The Science
		Do’s and Don’ts
		References
	33 Mobilizing Collective Intelligence and Diversity Toward Sustainable Development Goals: From Global Innovation Labs...
		The Story
			Results
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	34 Bridging Science and Diplomacy to Build a Universal Agreement On the Science of Climate Change: The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change
		The Story
			One of the Most Complex Intergovernmental Expert Organizations
		What Science Tells Us
			The IPCC: A Social, Human, and Political Endeavor
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Acknowledgment
		Notes
		References
	35 Nurturing the Right Context for Fruitful Dialogue: The Case of Helmut Kohl’s “Gastrosophy”
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Note
		References
	36 Thinking Ahead Collectively The Case of African Digital Futures
		The Story
		The Collective
		The Intelligence
		The Process
		The Science Behind
		The Action
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
Part 7 Collective Intelligence, Technology, and Collective Consciousness: Introduction
	Collective Intelligence and Collective Consciousness
	The Role of Collective Intelligence and Technology in the Formation of Collective Consciousness
	Collective Consciousness and Participatory Democracy
	37 Smarter Crowdsourcing to Tackle COVID-19: Beyond the Open Call
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	38 Mobilizing Collective Intelligence for Adapting to Climate Change in the Arctic: The Case of Monitoring...
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	39 Using Collective Intelligence to Assess the Future With the Pandemic Supermind
		The Story
			Assessing Strategies With the Pandemic Supermind
			Anticipating Challenges With the Trust CoLab
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	40 Using Political Bots and Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate the Interaction Between Citizens and Lawmakers
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
			1. Technology
				Algorithm Requirements
				Human Resources
			3. Governance
			4. Ethics
		Notes
		References
	41 Turning Organizations Into Innovation Ecosystems: The Hexagon of Public Innovation Model
		The Story
		The Hexagon of Public Innovation
			From Theory to Practice: Frena La Curva (“Bend the Curve”)
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
	42 Co-Initiating, Sensing, Presencing, Creating, and Shaping: How the Scottish Government Applied Theory U for Collective Leadership Against COVID-19
		The Story
		What Science Tells Us
		Do’s and Don’ts
		Notes
		References
Closing Thoughts
	Concluding Dialogue: Collective Intelligence and Democracy, Today and Tomorrow
		Lex Paulson: I Thought We’d Begin, as Socrates Liked to Do, With Trying to Define the Key Word of Our Discussion. What Is Your Understanding of Collective Intelligence, and Where Did You First See It in Action?
		Lex Paulson: Something the Four of You Have in Common Is That You Have Each Dedicated a Huge Part of Your Life to Helping Groups Think Together and Solve Hard Problems. What Motivated You to Take On Your Work?
		Lex Paulson: The Four of You Have Worked in a Wide Range of Countries and Contexts. What Have You Come to Realize About the Particularities of Your Own Culture in How People Think and Solve Problems Together?
		Lex Paulson: What Advice Would You Give to People – Civil Servants, Elected Officials, Or Interested Citizens – Who Are Curious to Try Collective Intelligence Methods in Their Work?
		Lex Paulson: What Methods and Tools Are You Excited to Try Next in Your Work?
		Lex Paulson: Finally, Everyone, What Is the Future of Democracy as You See It?
		Notes
Index