The Routledge Companion to Indian Ethics: Women, Justice, Bioethics and Ecology

Cover
Endorsement Page
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
Preface
	Further Acknowledgements
Foreword
Introduction: Practical Indian Ethics in the Global Cosmopolis
	Preamble
	‘There Is No Such Thing as Ethics in Indian Philosophy’
	Universalizing Justice vs. Locating Injustices
		Rawlsian Universalism
		Tracking Injustice
		Reflections on Moral Ideals and Modernity: Jains, Gandhi and Nonviolence
	Discursive Structure of Sections
	Conclusion
	References
Prologue: India in the World: The Historical Context for Intercultural Ethicality
	Notes
	References
Part I: Health, Ethics and Public Welfare
	Chapter 1: Public Health, Care and Bioethics in Modern India
		Introduction
		Tradition and Colonization
		Structural and Systemic Causes of Health Inequities
		Post-Independence Ethics
		Unethical Alliances
		Hysterectomy in the Mentally Handicapped
		Tuberculosis and 25 Million People Missing
		Population Control and Pharmacon’s ‘Social Dumping’
		AIDS/HIV
		HIV/AIDS and the Pharmacon
		Postscript on the COVID-19 Pandemic and Public Health Issue (With Input from Karyn MacDonell)
		Conclusion
			Sabko Dawai, Sasti Dawai
		Note
		References
	Chapter 2: COVID-19: Lessons in Ethics for Social Assets
		Neoliberalism and Privatization of the Healthcare System
		COVID-19 and Social Assets
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3: Biotechnology and Ethics in India
		Biotechnology and Its (Dis)Enchantments
		Genetic Engineering
		Genetic Screening
		Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Modification
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 4: Moral Responsibility and Pharmaceutical Companies
		I
		II
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 5: Mental Illness and Mental Health Justice
		Models of the Native and European Insanities
			WHO: World Mental Health Report
				India’s Mental Health Challenges
				Government Initiatives for Mental Health in India
				Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 6: Embryo Ethics: Traditional Hindu Perspective
		Introduction
		Concept of Person and Consciousness in Hinduism
		Embryology and Sentience in Hinduism
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 7: Abortion, Reproductive Rights and the Unborn: Between Tradition and Modernity
		Who/What Is Conceived and Born?
		Abortion in Ancient India
		Prevention of Abortion and Miscarriage According to Caraka and Suśruta
		Induced Abortion
		The Case of Sugunabai
		Abortion Scenario in India
		Views on Abortion in Other Major World Religions
		Debates on Abortion in the West and Modern India
		Conclusion
			Postscript
		References
			Primary Sanskrit Texts
			Secondary Sources
			Web-Based Sources
	Chapter 8: Female Infanticide: Ethics of Death in the Shadow of Motherhood and Childbirth in India
		Introduction
		Socio-Historical, Political and Religious Roots of Gendercide
			Birthing
			Historical Considerations
		Contemporary Challenges to Culturally Entrenched Views
			Desire for the Male Child
		Sex-Selective Testing, Abortion and Law
		Statistical Trends over a Century of Reform and Legislature
			Towards a Two-Tiered Healthcare System?
		Conclusion
		References
			Reports (Web Citations)
	Chapter 9: The Theatre of Surrogacy: Ethics of Surrogacy in India
		Introduction
		Surrogacy: Some Conceptual Clarifications
			Caveats
		The Legal Journey
			The Situation De Lege Lata
		Law in Context
			Exclusions and Inclusions
			Women as Autonomous Legal Subjects
			Altruism and Close Relations
		Cultural Realities and the Role of Law
		References
	Chapter 10: Dying with Dignity: Sallekhanā vis-à-vis Euthanasia – Normative, Bioethical and Legal Ramifications
		Preamble
		Moral Argument
			The Phronesis of Sallekhanā
		Bioethical Issues
			Suicide
		Legality
		Legal Equivocations
			Maruti Shripati Dubal v. State of Maharashtra Bombay High Court 1986.641 (AIR 1987)
		Supreme Court Ruling on S.309
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part II: Ecology, Sustainability and Spirituality
	Chapter 11: Ethics of Genetic Modification: Commerce without Morality and Science without Humanity – A Gandhian Response
		Introduction
		Context
		Approach
		Layout
		Gandhi’s Ethics and His Socio-political Philosophy
		Gandhian Barometer for GM Food Technology
		Gandhi and Technology
		The Myth of GM as a Panacea to World Hunger
		Gandhi’s Ethics-Based Economic Development
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 12: Ethics, Science and Sustainability: A Gandhian Alternative
		Gandhi’s Views on Science, Technology and Development
		Gandhian Democracy and Development: Swarāj and Sarvodaya
		The Gandhian ‘Utopia’: Challenges and Relevance
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 13: Climate Change and Development Ethics after Amartya Sen
		Introduction
			Sen’s Development Ethics
		Environmental Ethics
		Alternative Approaches to Environmental Ethics
		Human Development and Environmental Ethics
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 14: Water: Rites, Rights and Ecological Justice in India
		The Concept of Five Great or Gross Elements
		Water in Jain Moral Worldview
		Water-Based Rituals in Hindu-Brāhmaṇic Praxis
		Myth of the Golden Floating Womb
		Myth of Churning the Milky Ocean
		Fertility Myths
		Legends Concerning Water
		Water and Serpents
		Water – Ecology in Indic Traditions
		From Water Romanticism to Contemporary Challenges
		Water Harvesting and Indigenous Water Management
		Water Wars
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Protection of the Indian Coastal Ecosystem through Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notifications: An Analysis
		Introduction to the Coastal Area Ecosystem and Its Significance
		Need for Protection of Coastal Areas
		Comparison of Protection of Coastal Areas Notifications
			Objectives of CRZ Notifications
			Classification of CRZ and Limits of Permissible and Prohibited Activities
				CRZ I
				CRZ II
				CRZ III
				CRZ IV
		Judiciary on Protection of Coastal Areas
		Analysis of the CRZ Notifications
		Conclusions and Suggestions
		References
			Official Reports
		Bibliography
	Chapter 16: Sustaining Dharma, Sustainable Ecology: Dharma as Rural Environmental Ethics
		Introduction
		Dharma for Environmental Ethics
		Dharma for Environmental Ethics: Some Problems and Responses
		Bishnoi Dharma and Rural Environmental Ethics
		Swadhyaya Movement and Vṛkṣamandiram: Tree-­Templum
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
			Hindi and Rajasthani
			Other
	Chapter 17: On Understanding the Tribe Person’s Worldview
		References
	Chapter 18: Yoga as Therapeutic Animal Ethics
		Introduction: Identifying the Ailment
			In the Beginning Was Self-Restraint – Yāma
				Nonviolence (Ahiṃsā)
				Truthfulness (Satya)
				Non-theft (Asteya)
				Non-possessiveness (Aparigraha)
				Sexual Continence (Brahmācarya)
			Habits of the Heart – Niyāma
				Purity (Śauca)
				Contentment (Santoṣa)
				Austerity (Tapaḥ)
				Self-Study (Svādhyāya)
				Dedication to Īśvara (Īśvara-Praṇidhāna)
		Conclusion: An Ethics of Yogic Care for Animals
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 19: Animal Justice and Moral Mendacity
		The Philosophical Questions
		The Indian Animal: Animals and Ecology in the Pre-Vedic Age to the Purāṇas
		Animals and the Concept of Nonviolence (Ahiṃsā)
		Gandhi and Contemporary India: Eco-animalia
		Mother Dairy near to the Slaughterhouse
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: You Are What You Eat: Animal and Dietary Ethics in the Early Indian Traditions
		Introduction
		Animals and Animal Ethics: A Comparative Framework
		From Animal to Dietary Ethics: Ahiṃsā and Vegetarianism
		Conclusion: The Boundaries of Ethics, Traditions and Times
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 21: Nature and Humans in the 21st Century: Some Reflections
		Three Stories: Towards a Narrative of Ethics
		Ending 300 Years’ Notion of Development
		From Conquest Mentality to Partnership between Nature and Humans
		Spirit of Things
		Reference
Part III: Engaged Ethics and Ecofeminism
	Chapter 22: Dharma Morality as Virtue Ethics
		Rules and Virtues
		Virtue Aesthetics in Gandhi
		Dharma: Duty or Virtue?
		Virtue Ethics in the Hindu Epics
		Karma and Character as Destiny
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Engaged Jainism: Jaina Ethics in a Living Universe
		Physics as Metaphysics
		Jainism and Human Agency: A Study in Karma and Its Effects
		The Vows of Jainism
		Normative Ethics?
		Sallekhanā/Santhārā: The Challenge of Inviting Death
		Competing Visions of Activism
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 24: Buddhist Spirituality and Social Activism in the 20th–21st Centuries
		Preamble
		Spiritual Foundations
		Poverty and Development Work
		Response to War, Genocide and Invasion
			Cambodia
			Vietnam
			Tibet and the Dalai Lama
		Human Rights and Well-being
			Ambedkarites
			Women’s Issues
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 25: Ecofeminism from a Buddhist Critical Perspective
		A Preliminary Definition of Ecofeminism
		What Does ‘Feminism’ Add to Ecology?
			What Does ‘Eco’ Add to Feminism?
		Add Buddhism and Stir the Urn
		The Relevance and Limits of Feminism
		Conclusion: A Buddhist Critique of Ecofeminism
		References
	Chapter 26: Caregiver vs. Citizen?: Reflections on Ecofeminism from Kerala State, India
		Introduction – The ‘Kerala Model’ and Its Legacies
		Ecofeminism and the Keralan Model of Care
		Ungendering the Economy of Childcrafting
		Engendering Political and Public Participation
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 27: Humanizing the Feminine Earth: An Ecofeminist Perspective on the Corporeal Nature
		Introduction: Decomposing Texts
		Deities in the Vedic Texts
		The Powerful and Reproductive Mother Earth in the Veda-s
		Mother as a Wife
		From Consort to Field, De-personification
		Terrestrial Earth and the Goddess
		An Ecofeminist Ethical Turn that Draws on the Traditions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 28: Ecofeminism and Hindu Tantra
		Introduction
		Ecofeminism
		Sacred Immanence: The World According to Tantra
			Tantric Concepts of the Nature of the Feminine
		Creation from Śakti’s Womb
			The Feminine Principle and Non-dualism in Tantra
			Panpuritism in Tantra: ‘To the Pure, All Things Are Pure’
			Motivation and Morality
		Conclusion: Pitfalls and Possibilities
		Notes
		References
			Primary Sources with Translations
			Secondary Sources
Part IV: Ethics and Politics: Contexts and Applications
	Chapter 29: Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee and Certain Scenes of Teaching
		Pratichi
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 30: Towards an Ethics of Location
		Introduction
		Indian Feminism and Postcolonial Theory
		The Move to Activism
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 31: The Question of Universalist Justice: Transnational Encounters in Feminism
		Does Feminism Need a Universalist Model of Justice?
			Feminism Beyond Deconstructive Justice
		Conclusion
			Afterword
		Bibliography
	Chapter 32: Activating the Imagination: Harmony, Justice, and Gender in Tagore’s Thought
		Note
		References
	Chapter 33: Violence and Humanity: Or, Vulnerability as Political Subjectivity
		Law and Identity: ‘Atrocity’ as Legal Effect
		The Problem of Definition
		Institutional Outcomes
		Atrocity and Dalit Personhood
		The Sex of Caste
		Atrocity and ‘the Human’
		Coda: Violence and Humanity
		Bibliography
	Chapter 34: From Victim to Survivor: Then and Now Interviews with Flavia Agnes
		Introduction
		Part One
		Part Two
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 35: Marking Time: The Gendered Present and the Nuclear Future
		On Invoking a Future
		Everyday Violence
		Transnational Configurations and the State
		Time in a Neoliberal Climate
		The Place of ‘Reproduction’
		The Regime of the Present
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 36: The Gandhian Touch: Morals in Politics
		The Economic Other
		Inequality Intensifies: Creating the Economic Other
		Morals and Politics of Economy
		Muting Gender Hierarchies
		Interpreting Gandhi into a Growth Theorist
		Lessons for the Global Community
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 37: Approaching Gandhian Metaethics: Some Methodological Issues
		Limitations of Primary Texts
		Problems with Historical Inquiry
		Limits of Political Literature
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 38: Globalization, Gandhi and Free Trade
		Globalization Through the Father’s Eyes
		Globalization Critiqued from a Gandhian Religious Perspective
		Globalization Critiqued from a Gandhian Ethical Perspective
		Globalization Critiqued from a Gandhian Economic Perspective
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Women and the Limits of Traditional Ethics
	Chapter 39: Women and Ethics in Hindu Thought and Practice
		Introduction
		Bibliography
			Primary Sources
			Critical Studies
	Chapter 40: Women and Values in Traditional India: A Feminist Probe
		I
		II
		III
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 41: Normalization of Dowry
		Dowry in Contemporary India
		Dowry as a Customary Institution
		Explaining the Transformation of Dowry
		The Rationale of Contemporary Dowry
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 42: The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA): Gandhian Ethics and Feminist Ethics in Action
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 43: The Emergent Moral Agent: A Feminism-Buddhism Exchange
		Introduction
		A Feminist Re-conceptualization of Self: Ethics of Care
		Care Particularization: Potentials and Pitfalls
		Buddhist Re-conceptualization of Self: The No-Self Doctrine
			Skandha-Particularization: Potentials and Pitfalls
		A Buddhist Solution: The Conventionality of Self
			Care Particularity and Buddhist Agency
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 44: Gandhian Ethics and Feminist Perspectives: In a Somewhat Different Voice
		Section One: Feminist Ethics: In a Different Voice
		Section Two: Reconstructing Gandhian Ethics
		Section Three: Taking Serious Account of the Feminist Critique of Gandhi
		References
	Chapter 45: Is Controlled Śakti to the Bharatanāṭyam Practitioner as Uncontrolled Śakti Is to the Devadāsī?
		Introduction
		Śakti
		The Devadāsīs Past
		The Framing of Uncontrolled and Controlled Śakti: Anti-Nautch Movement and the Women’s Question
		Rukmini Devi as Emblem of Controlled Female Power
		Conclusion
		Appendix
		Notes
		Bibliography
Index