The Routledge Companion to Gender and COVID-19

Cover
Endorsements
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Part I: Training a Gender Lens on the COVID-19 Pandemic
1. Introduction: Researching Gender and COVID-19
	Introduction: The Gendered Effects of COVID-19
	Researching Gender and COVID-19: An Overview of This Volume
		Part I. Introduction: Training a Gender Lens on the COVID-19 Pandemic
		Part II. Families and Communities
		Part III. Economy, Labor, and Social Reproduction
		Part IV. Health
		Part V. Reproductive Health
		Part VI. Politics and Political Leadership
	References
2. Law as a Determinant of Health: COVID-19 and Gender
	Introduction
	Health Inequalities and Law
	COVID-19 and Gender Inequalities
		High-Income Countries
	Social Determinants of Health, Inequalities, and Law
		The Challenges of Inequality
	Conclusion
	References
3. Health Justice: Feminism, Universalism, and Vulnerability in Pandemic Response
	Introduction
	Health Justice
	Feminist Legal Theory and Critical Race Feminism: The Roles of Universalism and Vulnerability in Realizing Health Justice
	Health Justice, Contextualized Universalism, Gender, and COVID-19
	Conclusion
	References
4. We Are Not in This Together: Toward a Feminist Public Finance
	Introduction
	Beyond the Washington Consensus: Law and Political Economy and Social Provisioning
	The Constitutional Theory of Money: Variants of Monetary Hardwiring
	From Social Provisioning to Gendered National Budgets
	The Undemocratic Virus and the Quest for Sovereignty: Unpacking \"Sovereignty\"
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
Part II: Families and Communities
5. Gender, COVID, and Care
	Childcare During the Pandemic
	History
	Pandemic Policy Possibilities and the Childcare Emergency
		Support for Out-of-Home Childcare
		FMLA Leave
		Child Tax Credit
		Eldercare
	Post-Pandemic Initiatives
	References
6. Pandemics, Privatization, and Public Education
	Dependency and the American Welfare State
	Privatizing Public Education in a Pandemic
	Conclusion
	References
7. Pandemic Impact and Women\'s Resilience in China
	Introduction
	Data Sources
	COVID-19\'s Gendered Impact
		Economic Security
		Workload
		Personal Well-Being
	Areas of Contention
		Family and Women\'s Pandemic Life
		Attitude Toward Government Pandemic Policy
	Conclusion: Knowing Gender and COVID-19 in China
	References
8. The Promise and Perils of Technology and Gender in the Courts
	Introduction
	The Changing Uses of Technology in State Courts
		Consequences of Technology
	Technology Has the Capacity to Open the Court System to More Users
	Technology Can Layer New Access Barriers
		Who Can Meet the Technology Access Baseline
		Differentiation by Quality of Technology Access
		Technology Access Choices Have Critical Consequences
	Principles Moving Forward
		Center Access to Justice
		Conduct Litigant Technology Intakes
		Consider Using a \"Common Denominator\" Rule
		Allow for Flexibility
		Leverage Technology to Reduce Gaps
		Maintain the Spirit of Innovation
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
9. Lessons from Pandemic Co-parenting: Toward Family Mediation that Centers Low-Income, Never-Married Black Mothers
	Co-parenting Explained
	Increased Potential for Disputes among Pandemic Co-parents
	Decreased Dispute Resolution Options for Pandemic Co-parents
	The Benefits and Challenges of Family Mediation
	A Path Forward
	Note
	References
10. Queer Inequality: The COVID-19 Spotlight
	Introduction
	The Distinctive Impact on LGBTQ+ People
		Health Challenges to Sexual Minorities: The Roles of Intersecting Factors
		Other Complicating Factors: Issues Relevant to Sexual Minorities
		Trans, Non-binary and Other Gender Nonconforming People
		Economic Harm
	Future Agenda: Accounting for LGBTQ+ People in the Next Pandemic
		Antidiscrimination Protections
		Recognizing Diverse Relationships
		Structural Inequalities
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Part III: Economy, Labor, and Social Reproduction
11. Care and Economic Crisis
	Introduction
	A Global South Vantage Point of Care
	Care and the Agrarian South
	COVID-19 and the Reproductive Crisis
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
12. COVID-19 and Vulnerable Groups: Experiences of Sexual Minorities in Barbados
	Introduction
	Historicizing the Community in Barbados and the Wider Caribbean
	Sex Work within Caribbean Sexual Relations
	The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on LGBTQ+ Community
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
13. Does the EU COVID-19 Recovery Plan Care About Care?
	Introduction
	The European Care Crisis and EU Support for Care
	The Pandemic and the European Care Infrastructure
	Care in the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility
	Conclusion
	References
14. The Resilience of Gender Equality: How COVID-19 Was Gendered in Norway
	Introduction
	Gender Equality and the COVID-19 Policy Response
	Data and Empirical Strategy
	Employment by Gender and Industry
	Employment and Exposure to COVID-19
	Discussion
	Notes
	References
15. Manufacturing Crisis, Exacerbating Vulnerabilities: A Feminist Perspective on Crisis, Calamity, and the Political Economy of Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	Feminist Perspectives on the State and Political Economy
	Politics, Law, and Manufactured Crisis During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Gender, Work, and Political Economy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Conclusion
	References
16. COVID-19 She-Cession: The Employment Penalty of Childcare
	Introduction
	COVID-19 and Female Employment: Related Research
	Labor Market During the Pandemic: A Gender Perspective
	Measuring Women\'s Employment Penalty: A Regression Approach
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Appendix I: Sample Characteristics
	References
17. After the \"Shecession\": Post-Pandemic Law and Policy for Working Mothers
	The Pandemic \"Shecession\"
	Law and Policy Responses
		Temporary Relief
		New EEOC Guidelines on Caregiver Discrimination
		Pregnancy Discrimination Litigation
		Passage of the Pregnant Workers\' Fairness Act
	Transnational Outlook: COVID and Constitutional Change
	Conclusion
	References
18. Gender Inequality and the Increase of Unpaid Care Work in Mexico During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	Increased Inequality
	An Intensified Gender Inequality Crisis
	Some Mitigation Strategies
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Part IV: Health
19. Applying HIV Activism\'s Public Health Approach to Defeat COVID
	Introduction
	HIV Activism\'s Enduring Legacy Fighting COVID
	Room for Cure: Ways to Better Apply HIV Activism\'s Lessons to COVID
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
20. Masculinity, Partisanship, and Responses to COVID-19 in the U.S.
	Measuring Masculinity
	Masculinity, Partisanship, and Large Gatherings During COVID
	The Dynamics of Men\'s Vaccination Rates
	Masculinity, Cross Pressures, and Social Identity Displays
	References
21. Gendered Effects of U.S. Pandemic Border Policy on Migrants from Central America
	Introduction
	Risks Faced by Women and Girl Migrants on the Journey North
	Replicating Vulnerability Through Pandemic Border Policy
	Addressing Multiple and Intersecting Vulnerabilities in Global Public Health
	Conclusion
	References
22. Gender and Human Rights in the Context of COVID-19
	Introduction
	UN Guidance
		Treaty Bodies
		Charter Bodies
	UN Agencies
	Wrapping Up International Human Rights Guidance
	State COVID Policies and Gender Rights
	Gender Stereotypes: Text, Pretext, and Context
		Gender as Text: Naturalized Gender Binary as a \"Sorting Tool\" for Social Control
		COVID Quarantine Policy as Pretext: Repression Against LGBTQ+ Persons
		Public Health Priority Setting as Pretext: Denying Access to Abortion
		COVID Policies in Context: India\'s Gendered Disregard for Migrant Workers
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
23. Lockdowns, Gender, and Health
	Introduction
	Methods
	Emerging Findings
		Violence Against Women
		Safety and Security for Community Health Workers
		Sexual and Reproductive Health
			Lack of Proper Menstrual Hygiene
			Lack of Access to Family Planning
			Maternal Health Services
		Nutrition
	Implications for Ways Forward
	Note
	References
Part V: Reproductive Health
24. The Resilience of Reproductive Rights
	Introduction
	Suspending Abortion Care at the Pandemic\'s Onset
		State Policies on Essential Services
		The Aftermath of the Suspensions
	Regulating Medication Abortion
		FDA\'s Regulation of Medication Abortion
		The Next Frontier of Abortion Access
	Future Directions for Abortion Law
	Conclusion
	References
25. Reproductive Justice for Disabled People During COVID-19 and Beyond
	Introduction
	Reproductive Justice and Disabled People
		Overview of Reproductive Justice
		Importance of Reproductive Justice for Disabled People
	Threats to Reproductive Justice for Disabled People: Before and During COVID-19
		Reproductive Health and Healthcare Inequities
		Barriers to Contraception and Abortion
		Challenges to Parenthood
	Moving Forward
		Legal and Policy Implications
		Areas for Future Inquiry
	References
26. The Shift of Medication Abortion Care Delivery Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on the Future of Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States
	Introduction
	Options Counseling and Abortion Care Prior to the Pandemic
	Medication Abortion Care Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Reproductive Justice and Post-Abortion Contraceptive Counseling
	The Future of Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States
	References
27. Abortion Access in a Post-COVID and Post-Roe World
	Introduction
	The Decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women\'s Health Organization
	The Legal Impact of Dobbs
		Criminal and Regulatory Punishments for Abortion post-Dobbs
		SB8 and the Proliferation of Civil Liability for Abortion
		Self-Managed Abortion and Increased Criminalization of Pregnancy in a Post-Roe World
		Interstate and Federal-State Conflict Over Abortion
	The Post-Pandemic Public Health Impacts of Dobbs
	Conclusion
	References
28. Religious Exemptions and Gender Equality in a Pandemic
	Introduction
	First Amendment Doctrine on the Eve of the Pandemic
	Law and Religion During the Pandemic
	School Choice and the Confluence of Gender, Religion, and the Pandemic
	Future Issues in Religion and Gender
	References
29. Impact of COVID-19 on the Reproductive Rights of Marginalized Women in India
	Introduction
	Context
	Three Case Studies: Barriers to Women\'s Access to Maternal Healthcare
		Suman, New Delhi, 2021
		Gayatri, Tamil Nadu, 2021
		Anita, Assam, 2022
	Recommendations
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
30. Access to Abortion During COVID-19 in India: Gaps and Challenges
	Healthcare in India: An Overview
		Liberalization Policies and the Privatization of Healthcare
	Impact of COVID on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
	Jurisprudence on Abortion during COVID: A Case Study
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
Part VI: Politics and Political Leadership
31. Sharing Is Caring: Women of Color California State Legislators Take to Facebook During COVID-19 Lockdowns as a Form of Constituent Services
	Representation During the COVID Pandemic
	Case Study: Women of Color State Legislators in California
		Data and Methods
		Distribution of Free Food for Students During Lockdown
		Free Resources for Students
		Childcare Responsibilities
		Tailoring Public Information About COVID-19 to Children
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
32. Women\'s Leadership Is Associated With Few COVID-19 Deaths and Better Communication
	Introduction
	Gender and National Leadership
	Was the Leader\'s Gender Associated With COVID-19 Deaths?
		Results
	Do Women Leaders Communicate Differently?
		Results
	Discussion
	Notes
	References
	Appendix
33. Leadership in the Lands Down Under?: A Comparative Print Media Analysis of the Morrison and Ardern Government COVID-19 Responses
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Start of COVID-19
	The Vaccine Rollout
	The Rise of Omicron
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Note
	References
34. The Gendered Effects of COVID in Colombia: Looking Beyond the Numbers
	Introduction
	Welfare or More of the Same?
	Women Who Lost Their Jobs and the Policies That Aided Them: The Macro Interpretation
	Ethnographic Account: Nuances on How Women Were Affected
		Informal and Self-Employed Women Workers
		Middle-Class Female Workers
		Upper-Class Women
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
35. COVID-19, International Trade Law, and the Gendered Dimensions of the Global Vaccine Apartheid: A Rights-Based Analysis
	Introduction
	The International Trade Law-Vaccine Apartheid Nexus
		TRIPS and the Global Governance of IP Rights
		The TRIPS COVID-19 Waiver Proposal
	The Gender Dimension of COVID-19 and Vaccine Apartheid
		Women and Intersectional Disadvantage: The African Perspective
			Women\'s Invisible and Unpaid Care-Work Burden
			The Shadow Pandemic of Violence Against Women and Girls
	Human Rights as a Framework of Critique and Redress
		Mobilizing IHRL for a Gendered (Intersectional), Rights-Based Approach to COVID-19 Vaccines
	Conclusion
	References
Index