The Route of the Franks: The Journey of Archbishop Sigeric at the Twilight of the First Millennium Ad

Cover\nTitle Page\nCopyright page\nContents Page\nList of Figures\n	Fig. 0.1: Canterbury, Christ Church. The milestone indicating the start of the Via Francigena to Rome. Photo Author.\n	Fig. 2.1: The Frankish expansion 356-795. After Hallam 1980: fig. 1.2.\n	Fig. 2.2: The empire of Charlemagne. Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1988: 194.\n	Fig. 2.3: Division of Charlemagne’s kingdom after 843 (Treaty of Verdun). Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1987: 18.\n	Fig. 2.4: The rise of territorial principalities in the French Kingdom of the tenth century. Elaboration A. Panarello.\n	Fig. 2.5: The effective control of Hugh Capet over the Kingdom of France at the end of his reign (dotted) vs the areas of influence of the Counts of Blois and of Vermandois (grey). Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1987: 19, map 3.\n	Fig. 2.6: The political division of Europe around the year 1000. Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1987: 42.\n	Fig. 3.1: Sigeric’s itinerary manuscript: British Library, Cotton MS Tiberius B.V, f.23v. © The British Library, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/itinerary-of-archbishop-sigeric#. Public Domain.\n	Fig. 3.2: Canterbury. Schematic map of the town around the time of Sigeric’s election. The Marlowe area is highlighted in grey. Elaboration Author after Brooks 2000: fig. 28.\n	Fig. 3.3: Canterbury, cathedral. Hypothetical reconstruction of the plan and section of the earlier Anglo-Saxon phase (2A). After Blockley 2000: fig. 16.\n	Fig. 3.4: Canterbury, cathedral. Phased plan of Anglo-Saxon remains (periods 2A-2C). After Blockley 2000: fig. 6.\n	Fig. 3.5: Canterbury, St Augustine’s Abbey. General plan with location of the mound at the south-eastern edge. After Jenkins 1991: 2, fig. 1.\n	Fig. 3.6: Canterbury, St Augustine’s Abbey. Reconstruction of the churches of SS Peter and Paul and of St Mary. A: seventh century; B: beginning of the eleventh century. After Gem 1992: 60, 62, figs. 5-6.\n	Fig. 3.7: Canterbury, St Augustine’s Abbey. Plan of the excavated structures attributable to the Anglo-Saxon period (seventh-eleventh centuries). After Gem 1992: 58, fig. 4.\n	Fig. 3.8: Canterbury. Comparative table with the plans of the churches of Christ Church (A), St Martin (B), SS Peter and Paul (C) and St Pancras (D). After Blockey 2000: fig. 14. Courtesy of Durham University e-theses service.\n	Fig. 4.1 Schematic map of the road network in north-western France and the river Seine basin during the Carolingian age, with indication of the main centres (dot: centre, vicus), religious settlements (cross: abbey, monastic borough), smaller monastic set\n	Fig. 4.2: Schematic map of the river Seine basin during the Carolingian age, with indication of the main centres (dot: centre, vicus), religious settlements (cross: monastery, monastic borough), smaller monastic settlements (triangle) and route toponyms (\n	Fig. 4.3: Schematic map of the road network in Burgundy during the Carolingian age, with indication of the main centres (dot: centre, vicus), religious settlements (cross: monastery, monastic borough), smaller monastic settlements (triangle) and route top\n	Fig. 4.4: Plan of Canterbury Cathedral and its priory (Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R. 17, 1 ff. 284v-285). The earliest known English map of a monumental complex, produced at Canterbury in the mid-twelfth century, although very detailed and functional\n	Fig. 4.5: Nevern, Wales (UK). A cross carved in the rock along the path leading to St David’s shrine. © Creative Commons Licensed.\n	Fig. 4.6: Segment of the facsimile by Miller 1887 of the Tabula Peutingeriana, showing a large part of Gallia in the central portion. Original in the Biblioteca Augustana der Fachhochschule Augsburg; © Creative commons Licensed (http://www.fh-augsburg.de/\n	Fig. 4.7: Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora, the itinerary from London to Beauvais. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 26, f. 1r. After Sansone 2009, fig. 2. Courtesy of S. Sansone, Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo.\n	Fig. 4.8: Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora, the itinerary from Mâcon to Montcenisio. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 26, f. 2r. After Sansone 2009, fig. 5. Courtesy of S. Sansone, Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo.\n	Fig. 4.9: Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora, the itinerary from Pontremoli to Sicily. London, British Library, MS Royal 14 C VII, f. 4r. © The British Library, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/matthew-paris-itinerary-map. Public Domain.\n	Fig. 5.1: Schematic overview of Sigeric’s itinerary across France. Elaboration A. Panarello.\n	Fig. 5.2: The itinerary from A: Saint-Maurice d’Agaune to St Benignus of Dijon; B: from Pontarlier to Salins via the Chaux d’Arlier. After Malfroy, Olivier and Guiraud 1985: 25, fig. 4.\n	Fig. 5.3: The area around Pontarlier in LiDAR imagery, with small (A) and large (B) scale territorial frames. 1: Protohistoric necropolis of Arlier; 2: Merovingian necropolis of Grande Oye; 3: ancient settlement of Ariorica; 4: strongholds of Joux and Mah\n	Fig. 5.4: The area around Pontarlier in LiDAR imagery, with indication of traces of ancient roads in the plain. After Bichet et al. 2019: fig. 5.\n	Fig. 5.5: Schematic map of the road network between Jougne and Besançon. Elaboration Author after Jeannin 1972: 182, fig. 4.\n	Fig. 5.6: The ancient road network around Besançon. Elaboration Author after Frézouls 1988: 118, fig. 4.\n	Fig. 5.7: Besançon. Schematic map of the town inside the ‘Boucle’, with indication of the most important monuments. Elaboration A. Panarello.\n	Fig. 5.8: Besançon. Hypothetical reconstruction of the cathedral in the ninth century. Elaboration Author after Tournier 1967.\n	Fig. 5.9: Schematic map of the road network between Besançon and Châlons-en-Champagne. Elaboration Author after Nouvel 2010: 13, fig. 4.\n	Fig. 5.10: St Geosmes. Plan of the church in phases I-III. Elaboration Author after Thévenard 1996.\n	Fig. 5.11: Bar-sur-Aube. Schematic archaeological map of the town and its surrounding. 1: town, 2: western suburbium, 3: val de Thors, 4: oppidum of St Germain, 5: valleys of Queue de Renard and Provenchevaux, 6: Roman villa of Etifontaine. Elaboration Au\n	Fig. 5.12: Brienne-la-Vieille. Extent of the Gallo-Roman settlement, crossed by the road linking Langres to Reims. After Tomasson 1994a: 205, fig. 5.\n	Fig. 5.13: The communication network in the Marne region in Roman times. Elaboration A. Panarello after Chossenot 2004: 123, fig 34.\n	Fig. 5.14: Châlons-en-Champagne. The so-called Plan Varin, an ancient map of the town by Nicolet Picard 1661. After Chossenot 2004: 285, fig. 173.\n	Fig. 5.15: Châlons-en-Champagne. The church of Notre-Dame-en-Vaux in the eleventh century. Elaboration Author after Collin et al. 1981: 192.\n	Fig. 5.16: Châlons-en-Champagne. Plan of the excavations in the area of the Hôtel-Dieu. Elaboration Author after Chossenot and Lenoble 1992: 274, fig. 2.\n	Fig. 5.17: Reims. Schematic plan of the Roman road network. Elaboration A. Panarello after Chossenot 2004: 139, fig. 46.\n	Fig. 5.18: Reims. Schematic plan of Reims and its suburbium during Late Antiquity. A: first cathedral of the Apostles; B: second cathedral; C: bishop’s residence; D: Porte de Mars; E: Porte Bazée. Possible location of the funerary churches of 1: St Christ\n	Fig. 5.19: Reims. Schematic plan of the old town and the new borough in the Middle Ages. After Heers 1990: 196, fig. 60.\n	Fig. 5.20: Reims. Schematic map of the old town with indication of the location of the main monuments and of the different wall circuits. 1: cathedral; 2: St Remigius; 3: St Nicaise. The dotted line indicates the limits of the castellum, the dashed line t\n	Fig. 5.21: Reims. Hypothetical reconstruction of the cathedral. A: Schematic reconstruction of the succession of the three late antique (grey rectangle in the middle), Carolingian (smaller church with dashed apse) and high medieval churches (outer church\n	Fig. 5.22: Reims. The episcopal palace ‘Tau’. 9 indicates the Great Hall, 11 the chapel. After Crepin-Leblond 1994: 168, fig. 1.\n	Fig. 5.23: Laon. Schematic map of the town at the beginning of the thirteenth century. After Saint-Denis 1983: plate 1.\n	Fig. 5.24: Arras. Schematic map of the Gallo-Roman oppidum with 1: the cathedral; 2: the borough with the Abbey of St Vaast; 3: petit place; 4: grand place. After Chédeville 1980: 110.\n	Fig. 5.26: Thérouanne. Schematic plan of the episcopal complex, with hypothetical indication of the ramparts according to Bernard. After Ajot et al. 1998: 276.\n	Fig. 5.25: Thérouanne. Sketch of the town in the seventeenth century by Malbrancq J. De Morinis et Morinorum rebus, Tornaci Nerviorum, 1647, reporting on some ‘excavations’ carried out in the sixteenth century. After Bernard 1985: fig. 1A.\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n	Clearing the ground. Archaeological research vs merchandising and branding\n	Note\nChapter 1. Conceptualising the Journey\n	Theoretical framework and methodological issues: Defining ‘travelscapes’\n	Conceptualising the journey\n	Landscapes of movement\n	Phenomenology of travel: Landscapes of the mind\n		Landscape perception and space representation\n		Conceptual geography: A one-dimensionality of space?\n		Epistemology of space and time: the cultural perception of distance\n	On the way… of constructing an identity\n		Identity vs ethnicity\n		The feeling of alienation\n		Certifying identity\n	An insight into the confrontation of groups of different nature\n		Sociological aspects and cultural challenges\n		Social otherness and sameness\n		Impassable linguistic boundaries?\n		Hospitality and protection grants\n	Pilgrimage\n	On the edge of danger\nChapter 2. The Historical Framework\n	The geo-cultural definition\n		The Franks\n	The Carolingians\n		The Treaty of Verdun\n		The Vikings\n		After 887\n	The tenth century\n	Before and after the year 1000\n		The socio-political scenario\n		The Kingdom and the Duchy of Burgundy\n		The relationship between the royal houses and the Church\n		Economic and cultural matters\n	The communication network\nChapter 3. Sigeric and Canterbury\n	Archbishop Sigeric and his time: Eschatology for the end of a millennium and the Anglo-Saxon kingdom\n		Primary sources for Sigeric’s life and historical context\n		The text: Its transmission and editions\n		The text: Its authorship and content\n	Paving the way: Sigeric’s predecessors and epigones\n	Canterbury calls Rome: Building an identity\n	Canterbury in the Early and High Middle Ages\nChapter 4. Travel in Early Medieval Europe: Modalities, Practice, Exploration\n	Routes, roads and infrastructure\n	Travels from England to Rome\n	A range of possibilities: Routes and roads through medieval France\n	Orienteering and mapping\n	Itineraries and guides\n	Motivations for reporting\n	Scheduling, duration, distance, pauses, means of transport: The routine of travel\n	Hospitality and accommodation\n		Rome\n	Internal structure and composition of the parties\nChapter 5. In the Footsteps of Sigeric\n	On the (Roman) road. The itinerary across modern France\n		LVI Antifern\n		LVII Pontarlier (Punterlin)\n		LVIII Nods (Nos)\n		LIX Besançon (Bysiceon)\n			The road around Besançon-les Buis\n			The town\n			The suburbium\n		LX Cussey-sur-l’Ognon (Cuscei)\n		LXI Seveux-sur-Saône (Sefui)\n		LXIII Oisma\n		LXIV Blessonville (Blæcuile)\n		LXV Bar-sur-Aube (Bar)\n		LXVI Brienne-la-Vieille (Breone)\n		LXVII Donnement-sur-Meldançon (Domaniant)\n		LXIX Châlons-en-Champagne (Catheluns)\n		LXX Reims (Rems)\n			The city centre\n			The cathedral\n			The canons’ cloister\n			The school\n			The suburbium\n		LXXI Corbény (Corbunei)\n		LXXII Laon (Mundlothuin)\n		LXXIII Martinwæꝺ/Martinwaeth (Martini Vadum) = Seraucourt-le-Grand?\n		LXXIV Doingt-sur-la-Cologne (Duin)\n		LXXV Arras (Aꝺerats/Atherats)\n		LXXVII Thérouanne\n		LXXVIII Guînes (Guisnes, Gisne)\n		LXXIX Sombre (Sumeran)\nChapter 6. A Cross-section of Continental Europe at the End of the First Millennium AD\n	Towns and centres\n		Episcopal complexes\n		Fortifications\n		Palaces\n		Suburbia\n		Trade and exchange\n	Churches, abbeys, sanctuaries and artistic trends\n		France\n		England\n		The cultural scenario\n	Around the year 1000. At the dawn of a new era?\n	Conclusion. Landscapes of movement at the twilight of the first millennium\n		The road network\n		Sigeric’s choices\n		Journey as exploration\n	Landscape perception and medieval journey\nBibliography\n	Primary Sources Editions And Commentaries\nIndex of Geographical, Ethnical and Personal Names\nIndex of Ancient and Medieval Sources\nIndex of Manuscripts