The Rights Revolution Revisited: Institutional Perspectives on the Private Enforcement of Civil Rights in the US

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title page......Page 5
Copyright information......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Table of contents......Page 9
List of figures......Page 11
List of tables......Page 12
List of contributors......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Part I Introduction......Page 21
1 Reassessing the Rights Revolution......Page 23
Taking Stock......Page 24
The Shift to Private Enforcement of Civil Rights......Page 31
Interbranch Dynamics......Page 35
Litigation and Its Discontents......Page 38
Plan of the Book......Page 41
Part II Implementing the Rights Revolution......Page 45
2 Approaches to Enforcing the Rights Revolution: Private Civil Rights Litigation and the American Bureaucracy......Page 47
Legal versus Administrative Approaches to Civil Rights Policy Enforcement......Page 48
Bureaucratic Mobilization of Private Civil Rights Litigation......Page 51
Administrative Processes......Page 52
Shaping the Law......Page 53
Assisting the Bar......Page 54
Off to the Courts? A Comparison of Fair Employment and Fair Housing Regulation......Page 55
Employment Discrimination Regulation at the EEOC (1964–1972): Paving a Pathway to the Courts......Page 57
Fair Housing Regulation at HUD (1968–1972): Blocking a Private Legal Pathway......Page 60
The Legacy of Administration and Legal Approaches to Civil Rights Regulation......Page 63
3 Mobilizing Rights at the Agency Level: The First Interpretations of Title VII’s Sex Provision......Page 66
Legal Mobilization Framework......Page 68
Methodology......Page 70
Case and Data Selection......Page 71
EEOC Mandate......Page 72
Agency Response......Page 73
Movement Building: Individual Interpretations......Page 75
Movement Building: Delays and Denials Lead to the Formation of NOW......Page 78
The Struggle to Compel Formal Policy Changes......Page 82
The Struggle for Control over Policy Development and Implementation......Page 84
Conclusion: Agency Action and Legal Mobilization......Page 87
4 Motivating Litigants to Enforce Public Goods: Evidence from Employment, Housing, and Voting Discrimination Policy......Page 90
A Theory of Private Litigation of Public Laws......Page 92
Effect of Interest Group Environment on Lawsuit Filing......Page 98
Interest Group Strategies for Civil Rights Lawsuits......Page 103
Employment Discrimination......Page 105
Housing Discrimination......Page 107
Voting Rights......Page 114
Conclusion......Page 118
5 Regulatory Rights: Civil Rights Agencies, Courts, and the Entrenchment of Language Rights......Page 120
Civil Rights Agencies Governing by Guidance......Page 121
Courts and Agencies: Judicial Deference to Guidance’s Impact or Effect......Page 123
Schools: Integrated Remedial Model......Page 126
Workplace: Court Constraints......Page 128
Sociolegal Influences on and of the Law......Page 129
Bilingual Education in the Shadow of the Law......Page 130
Legal and Social Constraints on Workplace Policies......Page 132
Intertwining Hard and Soft Law......Page 133
Regulatory Rights Roller Coaster......Page 134
Persistence of Regulatory Rights......Page 135
Entrenchment of Nondiscrimination......Page 136
Entrenchment of Regulatory Strategies......Page 138
Ongoing Challenges to Regulatory Rights......Page 140
Conclusion......Page 142
6 Sexual Harassment and the Evolving Civil Rights State......Page 143
Controversies......Page 146
Sexual Harassment and the Civil Rights State......Page 148
Phase One: Attacking Sexual Harassment in the Workplace......Page 153
Phase Two: Sexual Harassment Regulation Goes to School......Page 160
Interlude: Disputed Foundations......Page 169
Phase Three: The Obama Initiative......Page 174
Defining “Sexual Harassment” and “Hostile Environment”......Page 175
Procedures for Soliciting, Investigating, and Resolving Complaints......Page 177
Remedial Measures to Minimize the Effects of Sexual Harassment......Page 178
Remaking School Culture......Page 179
Strengthening Internal Compliance Offices......Page 180
Conclusion......Page 184
7 The Civil Rights Template and the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Sociolegal Perspective on the.........Page 187
The Political Legacy of the CRA: The Enduring Bipartisan Appeal of the Civil Rights Template......Page 189
Stretching The Civil Rights Template......Page 193
The “Structural Turn” in Civil Rights Scholarship......Page 194
The Sociolegal Model......Page 197
Disability Access Law and the Policy Legacy of the Civil Rights Template......Page 200
The Ostriches......Page 203
The Recalcitrant Compliers......Page 204
The Symbolic Responders......Page 205
The “Beyond Compliance” Responders......Page 206
The Ad Hoc Service Providers......Page 207
The Seekers......Page 208
Formal Rights Versus Organizational Translations......Page 209
Litigation Makes a Difference, But Its Impact Varies......Page 211
Variation Not Averages......Page 212
An Organizational Turn?......Page 213
Part III Rights and Retrenchment......Page 215
The Rise of Civil Rights Litigation......Page 217
The Reagan Administration......Page 221
Litigation Retrenchment Proposals in Congress......Page 225
The Failure of the Legislative Project of Litigation Retrenchment......Page 229
The Alternative Pathway of Courts......Page 233
The Supreme Court’s Response......Page 234
Why the Court Succeeded Where Republican Presidents and Congress Failed......Page 241
Conclusion......Page 243
9 The Contours of the Supreme Court’s Civil Rights Counterrevolution......Page 244
Early Civil Rights Retrenchment and Reform......Page 246
Getting into Court......Page 255
Proving Employment Discrimination......Page 263
Harassment and the Hostile Workplace Doctrine......Page 268
Retaliating against Retaliation......Page 274
The Fate of Disparate Impact......Page 282
Assessing the Supreme Court’s Counterrevolution......Page 285
10 Constraining Aid, Retrenching Access: Legal Services after the Rights Revolution......Page 287
The Origins of Legal Aid......Page 291
The Legal Services Corporation and the Politics of Government-Sponsored Legal Aid......Page 294
“Defunding” and the Beginnings of Political Backlash......Page 299
Shifting the Focus: From Defunding to Legal Procedural Restrictions......Page 303
Privatizing Enforcement Further......Page 308
Part IV The Future of the Rights Revolution......Page 313
11 Rationalizing Rights: Political Control of Litigation......Page 315
The Trouble with Litigation: The Calibration Challenge......Page 318
More Trouble with Litigation: (Non-)Coordination and Legislative (In-)Fidelity......Page 321
The Failure of the Usual “Litigation Reforms”......Page 325
The Agency “Gatekeeper” Alternative......Page 331
Agency Gatekeeping in Action: Rethinking Job Discrimination Regulation......Page 334
Conclusion......Page 340
The Rights Revolution in an Era of Deepening Polarization......Page 342
Advancing the Rights Revolution......Page 354
Promoting Synergies Between Agency and Private Enforcement of Civil Rights......Page 358
Improving Access to Justice......Page 361
Bringing the People Back In......Page 363
Books and Articles......Page 369
Index......Page 395