The return of the Ainu : cultural mobilization and the practice of ethnicity in Japan

Cover	1
Half Title	2
Title Page	4
Copyright Page	5
Table of Contents	6
List of Illustrations	10
Preface	12
ONE Theme and objectives	14
	Background and delimitation of the field of study	19
TWO The ethnographic encounter	25
	Location of field research and criteria for selection	25
	Participant observation	30
		Fieldwork approach	34
THREE Analytical framework	39
	Overview of previous work	39
		A functionalist view	40
	An alternative framework	42
		The process of change	43
		The necessity to incorporate the perspective of the Ainu	44
		Self-perception	45
		Advantages of employing an Ainu perspective	46
		The Ainu method of gaining public recognition of their situation	47
	Concepts and definitions: nationalism and culture	48
		Nation	51
		The Ainu view	51
		Minzoku and Moshir as "imagined political communities"	52
		The concept of culture	53
		Culture and ethnicity	55
		Ainu ethnicity	57
		Major strategies used by the Ainu for identification	58
		Assimilation, integration and acculturation	61
FOUR The reconstruction of the "traditional" Ainu society	63
	The "traditional" Ainu way of life	64
		The cosmology of the Ainu in its relation to politics and religion	69
		Moshir identity	74
		Ainu polity: group arrangements, social and political	80
		Inheritance	88
	Iyomante	89
		Ainu attitudes to their Ainu heritage	92
FIVE The Ainu in prehistoric and historic time	97
	Ainu origins	98
		Ancient Ainu people, territory and history as described in the historiography of the Wajin	106
		Location of Ainu former Honshu territories	108
	The fate of the Honshu Ainu	110
		Immigration to Ezo, causes and effects	111
	Trade	113
	The historical period preceding the colonization of Ezo: Hokkaido Kaitakushi	115
		The period before Ezo was annexed to Nihon proper	117
		The Basho system	122
SIX The integration of the Ainu people and their land	129
	The Meiji restoration: Hokkaido	130
	Research into the Ainu and their integration into the larger society	131
	Acculturation as a feature of the policy of assimilation	133
		The process of assimilation: the agrarian failure	134
		The process of assimilation: acculturation in general	139
	Utari Kyokai	142
	Tourism	146
	The Ainu as an international entity	152
SEVEN Mr Ainu	157
	Wajin attitudes	157
	Statistics	165
	Mr Shigeru Kayano	167
		Personal history	168
		Nibutani	169
		Data about Nibutani's Ainu population	169
		Nibutani village and its environment	170
		Nibutani's profile	171
		The Sho-gakko	173
		The Kodomo-beya	173
		Chise, Ainu-style houses	174
		The Shiryoka and the Tosho-kan	177
		The Geshuku-ya	178
		The Mise	181
		Discrimination against Nibutani's Ainu population	184
	Strategies of ethnicity	187
		The opinion of Kayano's Ainu antagonists	190
EIGHT Summary and conclusion	194
APPENDIX A: A recent interpretation of the Moshir	204
APPENDIX B: Mr Shigeru Kayano	205
APPENDIX C: Glossary of Ainu and Japanese words and concepts	207
Bibliography	218
Index	229